Chemical Ecology of Marine Sponges: New Opportunities through "-Omics"
Chemical Ecology of Marine Sponges: New Opportunities through "-Omics"
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icz014
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发表时间：
2019-10-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Agarwal, Vinayak
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Paul, Valerie J.;Freeman, Christopher J.;Agarwal, Vinayak
海绵的化学生态学和化学防御已经研究了几十年;因此，海绵是从分子到生态系统的化学生态学方面最了解的海洋生物之一。已经从海绵中分离出数千种天然产物并对其进行了表征，尽管这些化合物中相对较少的化合物被研究其生态功能，但已知一些化合物可作为对抗捕食者，微生物，污损生物和其他竞争对手的化学防御。海绵是微生物的特殊多样性的宿主，迄今为止在这些协会中发现了近40种微生物门。微生物群落的组成和丰度在宿主类群之间是高度可变的，从许多微生物类群的不同组合到由单一微生物类群主导的组合是连续的。微生物群落通过提供无机和溶解的营养源来扩大其宿主的营养库。这种微生物-海绵关联的连续体不仅导致海绵中不同的营养特征，而且这些相关的微生物和共生体长期以来一直被怀疑并且现在已知生物合成海绵中发现的一些天然产物。现代“组学”工具提供了研究这些海绵微生物关联的方法，即使在十年前也很困难。代谢组学有助于比较分类群内和分类群间产生的海绵化合物，宏基因组学和元转录组学提供了了解宿主-微生物协会生物学和生态相关天然产物生物合成的工具。这些生态学、微生物学、代谢组学和基因组学工具和技术的结合为在许多海洋生态系统中推进海绵生物学和化学生态学提供了前所未有的机会。
The chemical ecology and chemical defenses of sponges have been investigated for decades; consequently, sponges are among the best understood marine organisms in terms of their chemical ecology, from the level of molecules to ecosystems. Thousands of natural products have been isolated and characterized from sponges, and although relatively few of these compounds have been studied for their ecological functions, some are known to serve as chemical defenses against predators, microorganisms, fouling organisms, and other competitors. Sponges are hosts to an exceptional diversity of microorganisms, with almost 40 microbial phyla found in these associations to date. Microbial community composition and abundance are highly variable across host taxa, with a continuum from diverse assemblages of many microbial taxa to those that are dominated by a single microbial group. Microbial communities expand the nutritional repertoire of their hosts by providing access to inorganic and dissolved sources of nutrients. Not only does this continuum of microorganism-sponge associations lead to divergent nutritional characteristics in sponges, these associated microorganisms and symbionts have long been suspected, and are now known, to biosynthesize some of the natural products found in sponges. Modern "omics" tools provide ways to study these sponge-microbe associations that would have been difficult even a decade ago. Metabolomics facilitate comparisons of sponge compounds produced within and among taxa, and metagenomics and metatranscriptomics provide tools to understand the biology of host-microbe associations and the biosynthesis of ecologically relevant natural products. These combinations of ecological, microbiological, metabolomic and genomics tools, and techniques provide unprecedented opportunities to advance sponge biology and chemical ecology across many marine ecosystems.