Economic and environmental assessment of office building rainwater harvesting systems in various U.S. cities.
Economic and environmental assessment of office building rainwater harvesting systems in various U.S. cities.
复制标题
美国各城市办公楼雨水收集系统的经济和环境评估。
DOI：
10.1021/es5046887
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
J. Zimmerman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ranran Wang;J. Zimmerman
雨水收集（RWH）系统实施在办公楼在美国异质城市环境，包括合并和分离的雨水下水道系统，将导致不同的环境和经济成本和效益在多个水部门。饮用水的节约和雨水减排潜力被发现与当地的年降水总量和模式，特别是长期前期干旱天气时期密切相关。考虑到美国大城市目前的水费和雨水费，在办公楼中实施的RWH系统在其使用寿命内与市政供水相比可能不具有成本效益，但西雅图除外，西雅图的雨水费在全国最高（每月77.50美元/1000平方英尺不透水表面）。最小的净生命周期成本范围从-$1.60（西雅图）到$11.9（凤凰城）每立方米雨水产量，导致每栋建筑每年潜在的经济收益超过$520（西雅图）到$800（凤凰城）的净损失。通过防止屋顶径流进入废水处理厂，根据当地条件，联合下水道系统每年可减少3至9公斤氮当量。这种氮的减少是以每立方米雨水产生0.7-4.6千克CO2当量为代价的。在单独的下水道系统，富营养化减少的好处，减少氮负荷与雨水径流。实施RWH的总体可持续性取决于特定场地的功能、经济和环境效益、影响和权衡。
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems implemented in office buildings under heterogeneous urban settings in the United States, including combined and separated storm sewer systems, will result in varying environmental and economic costs and benefits across multiple water sectors. The potable water saving and stormwater abatement potentials were found to strongly correlate with the local annual precipitation totals and patterns, specifically the long-period antecedent dry weather period. Given the current water rates and stormwater fees in large U.S. cities, RWH systems implemented in office buildings may not be cost-effective compared to the municipal supplies over their lifetime, except in Seattle, which has the highest stormwater fees in the country ($77.50/1000 sf impervious surface/month). The minimum net life cycle costs range from -$1.60 (Seattle) to $11.9 (Phoenix) per m(3) of rainwater yield, resulting in a potential economic gain of over $520 (Seattle) to a net loss of $800 (Phoenix) per building annually. By preventing the rooftop runoff from entering the wastewater treatment plant, between 3 and 9 kg N eq per year could be reduced in combined sewer systems depending on local conditions. This N reduction comes at the expense 0.7-4.6 kg CO2 eq per m(3) rainwater yield. In separate sewer systems, eutrophication reduction benefits result from reducing N loading associated with stormwater runoff. The overall sustainability of implementing RWH depends on the site-specific functional, economic, and environmental benefits, impacts, and trade-offs.
强大的雨水收集：适应气候变化的概率水箱尺寸
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Eames M
通讯作者：
Eames M