Redrawing the line - Borders and security in the twenty-first century
Redrawing the line - Borders and security in the twenty-first century
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DOI：
10.1162/016228803322761973
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Andreas, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Andreas, P
边境控制限制领土进入的努力长期以来一直是国家的核心活动。作为领土划界的机构，国家总是设置进入壁垒，无论是为了阻止军队，征税贸易和保护国内生产者，还是为了阻止被认为的“不合格者”。“所有国家都垄断了决定谁和什么被授予合法领土进入权的权利。2.但边境管制优先事项在历史上有很大差异。虽然军事防御和经济监管传统上一直是边境问题的核心，但在许多地方，国家正在重新装备和重新配置其边境监管机构，以优先考虑警务工作。因此，领土的重要性并没有像人们通常认为的那样被简单地侵蚀，而是一直存在，只是重点有所转移。3在许多情况下，随着边境的非军事化和经济自由化，边境执法工作也在加强。警察的目标是拒绝领土进入我所说的”氏族跨国行为者”（CTA），定义为非国家行为者谁跨越国界，违反国家法律，谁试图逃避执法工作。CTA和他们的动机一样戏剧性地变化。他们可能受到高利润和市场需求的驱动（例如，贩毒者和移民走私者），进行政治或宗教暴力行为的愿望（恐怖分子），或寻找就业或避难所（绝大多数未经授权的移民）。它们可能是高度有组织的或无组织的-
Border control-the effort to restrict territorial access-has long been a core state activity.'As terri-torially demarcated institutions, states have always imposed entry barriers, whether to deter armies, tax trade and protect domestic producers, or keep out perceived" undesirables." All states monopolize the right to determine who and what is granted legitimate territorial access. 2 But there is significant historical variation in border control priorities. Although military defense and eco-nomic regulation have traditionally been central border concerns, in many places states are retooling and reconfiguring their border regulatory apparatus to prioritize policing. Thus, rather than simply eroding, as is often assumed, the importance of territoriality is persisting-but with a shift in emphasis. 3 In many cases, more intensive border law enforcement is accompanying the de-militarization and economic liberalization of borders. The policing objective is to deny territorial access to what I term" clandes-tine transnational actors"(CTAs), defined as nonstate actors who operate across national borders in violation of state laws and who attempt to evade law enforcement efforts. CTAs are as dramatically varied as their motives. They may be driven by high profits and market demand (eg, drug traffickers and migrant smugglers), the desire to carry out politically or religiously inspired acts of violence (terrorists), or the search for employment or refuge (the vast majority of unauthorized migrants). They may be highly organized or disorga-