EVOLUTION OF DORMANCY AND ITS PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL IN PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITOS
EVOLUTION OF DORMANCY AND ITS PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL IN PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITOS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01044.x
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发表时间：
1977-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
LOUNIBOS, LP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BRADSHAW, WE;LOUNIBOS, LP
北美的猪笼草栖息蚊子的范围从墨西哥湾沿岸[美国]到拉布拉多和马尼托巴省北部[加拿大]。从墨西哥湾沿岸到魁北克省加斯佩北部，幼虫以发育停滞（滞育）状态在紫瓶子草的叶子中越冬。沿着墨西哥湾沿岸，幼虫在第四龄时进入浅滞育期。滞育深度向北增加至卡罗莱纳山麓。在北卡罗来纳州或更远的北部海拔较高的地区，幼虫在第三龄时滞育。与第四龄滞育一样，休眠深度随着纬度或海拔而增加。尽管滞育处于不同阶段，介导其发生和维持的临界光周期不断变化，每增加5.4°C 1小时。北纬或海拔 769 m。这些参数的比率，142 m：.deg。 N，允许计算任何地点的等效纬度。各地杂种F1的滞育阶段和临界光周期与亲本的平均等效纬度密切相关。南部种族，以前称为 Wyeomyia haynei，在墨西哥湾沿岸拥有 4 个长肛乳头，在北卡罗来纳州低海拔地区拥有 2 个长肛乳头和 2 个短肛乳头。来自北卡罗来纳州高海拔地区或更远北部的 W. smithii 只有 2 个腹侧乳突。来自阿拉巴马州南部或北卡罗来纳州山麓的 W. haynei 与来自北卡罗来纳州高海拔地区或马萨诸塞州低海拔地区的 W. smithii 形成可育的杂交种。 F1 杂种的肛门乳头形态与亲本的等效纬度（根据光周期响应计算）密切相关。墨西哥湾沿岸品种与北卡罗来纳州高海拔地区或马萨诸塞州的 W. smithii 动物之间的 F1 杂交后代（均为 W. smithii）在临界光周期、肛门乳头形态和休眠阶段方面与北卡罗来纳州低海拔地区的 W. haynei 相似。 W. smithii 可能是多型的，其中包括 W. Haynei 作为一个地理亚种。该属现今的分布和肛门乳头形态都表明南方形态是原始的。虽然可以诱导北部 W. smithii 进入第 2 龄、第 4 龄滞育期（Lounibos 和 Bradshaw，1975），但短日照只能延缓但不能阻止墨西哥湾沿岸品种第 3 龄的发育。从墨西哥湾沿岸向北，短日照逐渐延长了第三龄期，直到早期发生滞育。休眠进化的方向是从南到北，并通过光周期对滞育前龄的渐进影响而发生。
Pitcher-plant dwelling mosquitoes in North America range from the Gulf Coast [USA] to Labrador and northern Manitoba [Canada]. From the Gulf Coast to the Northern Gaspe, Quebec, the larvae overwinter in a state of developmental arrest (diapause) in the leaves of Sarracenis purpurea. Along the Gulf Coast, larvae enter a shallow diapause in the 4th instar. The depth of diapause increases northwards to the Carolina piedmount. At higher elevations in North Carolina or farther north, larvae diapause in the 3rd larval instar. As with the 4th instar diapause, depth of dormancy increases with latitude or altitude. Despite diapause in different stages, the critical photoperiod mediating its onset and maintenance varies continuously, 1 h for each increase of 5.4.degree. N latitude or 769 m altitude. The ratio of these parameters, 142 m: .degree. N, permits calculation of equivalent latitude for any locality. Stage of diapause and critical photoperiod among F1 hybrids from various localities were closely correlated with the average equivalent latitude of the parents. The southern race, formerly Wyeomyia haynei, possesses 4 long anal papillae along the Gulf Coast and 2 long and 2 short anal papillae at low elevations in North Carolina. W. smithii from high elevations in North Carolina or from farther north have but 2 ventral papillae. W. haynei from southern Alabama or the North Carolina piedmont form fertile hybrids with W. smithii from high elevations in North Carolina or low elevations in Massachusetts. The anal papillary morphology of the F1 hybrids is closely correlated with the equivalent latitude, calculated from photoperiodic response, of the parents. F1 hybrids between the Gulf Coast variety and animals from high elevations in North Carolina or from Massachusetts (both W. smithii) resemble W. haynei from low elevations in North Carolina with respect to critical photoperiod, morphology of the anal papillae, and stage of dormancy. W. smithii is probably polytypic and includes W. haynei as a geographic subspecies. Both present-day distribution of the genus and the anal papillary morphology indicate that the southern form is primitive. Although the northern W. smithii can be induced to enter a 2nd, 4th instar diapause (Lounibos and Bradshaw, 1975), short days can only retard but not halt development in the 3rd instar among the Gulf Coast variety. Going north from the Gulf Coast, short days increasingly prolong the 3rd instar until diapause occurs in that earlier stage. The direction in evolution of dormancy has proceeded from south to north and has taken place via the progressive influence of photoperiod on the prediapause instar.