A study on the role of physical models in the mitigation of design fixation
A study on the role of physical models in the mitigation of design fixation
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物理模型在缓解设计固定中的作用研究
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Linsey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. Viswanathan;O. Atilola;N. Esposito;J. Linsey
设计师在设计过程中实现了各种各样的模型和表征，但人们对各种表征的认知影响知之甚少。本研究的重点是如何物理模型可以帮助新手减轻设计固定在不希望的功能。在构思过程中，设计师倾向于关注他们遇到的例子或他们自己最初的想法。第一个假设指出，设计师倾向于复制所提供示例的特征。第二种假设认为，这种执着可以通过适当的警告来缓解。最后一个假设是，建立和测试物理模型可以帮助设计师减轻固定。为了研究这些理论，我们进行了一个准实验，作为大一课程项目的一部分。学生们在三种不同的实验条件下设计、制造和测试特技车，每个实验条件下都有不同的图片例子：一个有效的例子，一个有缺陷的例子和一个有缺陷的例子，并有缺陷的警告。结果表明，在所有条件下，设计者都从他们的例子中复制了不希望看到的特征，即使他们收到了关于有缺陷特征的警告。复制这些有缺陷的功能会创造出更复杂、更低效的设计。然而，通过对他们的设计进行物理测试，参与者发现并修复了设计缺陷。这些结果表明，现有的设计和经验有可能限制创新，设计师需要接受有效方法的培训，以减轻设计固定。创建原型可以帮助设计师识别有缺陷的功能并减少设计固定；因此，需要鼓励在工程设计中使用物理模型。
Designers implement a variety of models and representations during the design process, yet little is known about the cognitive impacts of various representations. This study focuses on how physical models can assist novices in mitigating design fixation on undesirable features. During idea generation, designers tend to fixate on examples they encounter or on their own initial ideas. The first hypothesis states that designers tend to duplicate features of provided examples. The second hypothesis states that this fixation can be mitigated with appropriate warnings. The last hypothesis is that building and testing physical models can help designers in mitigating fixation. To investigate these theories, a quasi-experiment is conducted as part of a freshman class project. Students design, build and test stunt cars in three different experimental conditions, each receiving a different pictorial example: an effective example, a flawed example and a flawed example with warnings about the flaws. The results show that in all the conditions, designers duplicate undesirable features from their examples, even when they received warnings about the flawed features. Copying these flawed features creates more complicated and less effective designs. However, through the physical testing of their designs, participants identify and fix the design flaws. These results indicate that existing designs and experiences have the potential to limit innovation and that designers need to be trained with effective methods for mitigating design fixation. Building prototypes can help designers in identifying the flawed features and in reducing design fixation; hence, the use of physical models in engineering design needs to be encouraged.