The biology of developmental plasticity and the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis
The biology of developmental plasticity and the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis
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DOI：
10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271460
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Hanson, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bateson, Patrick;Gluckman, Peter;Hanson, Mark
已经观察到许多形式的发育可塑性，这些通常对生物体有益。预测适应性反应（PAR）假说是指一种形式的发育可塑性，其中在早期生活中接受的线索影响通常适应后期生活环境条件的表型的发育。当预测的环境和实际的环境不同时，个体的表型和它所处的条件之间的不匹配可能对达尔文的适应性产生不利影响，并随后对健康产生不利影响。许多例子存在的长期影响的线索，表明一个威胁性的环境，影响随后的表型的个别生物。其他例子包括在正常范围内环境变化的长期影响，特别是在个人的营养环境中。在哺乳动物中，母亲的营养水平、身体成分或压力水平往往提供了后代发育的线索。一些科学家认为这一假设对人类的影响很重要，而另一些科学家则认为这是有争议的。在解决这一冲突时，应区分由发育环境中的规范性变化引起的PAR和极端环境（如营养非常差或非常丰富的环境）对发育的不良影响。测试，以区分不同的发展过程中影响成人的特点提出。许多发育可塑性的潜在机制涉及分子表观遗传过程，它们在PAR背景下的阐明以及更广泛地对经典进化理论的修订具有影响。
Many forms of developmental plasticity have been observed and these are usually beneficial to the organism. The Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR) hypothesis refers to a form of developmental plasticity in which cues received in early life influence the development of a phenotype that is normally adapted to the environmental conditions of later life. When the predicted and actual environments differ, the mismatch between the individual's phenotype and the conditions in which it finds itself can have adverse consequences for Darwinian fitness and, later, for health. Numerous examples exist of the long-term effects of cues indicating a threatening environment affecting the subsequent phenotype of the individual organism. Other examples consist of the long-term effects of variations in environment within a normal range, particularly in the individual's nutritional environment. In mammals the cues to developing offspring are often provided by the mother's plane of nutrition, her body composition or stress levels. This hypothetical effect in humans is thought to be important by some scientists and controversial by others. In resolving the conflict, distinctions should be drawn between PARs induced by normative variations in the developmental environment and the ill effects on development of extremes in environment such as a very poor or very rich nutritional environment. Tests to distinguish between different developmental processes impacting on adult characteristics are proposed. Many of the mechanisms underlying developmental plasticity involve molecular epigenetic processes, and their elucidation in the context of PARs and more widely has implications for the revision of classical evolutionary theory.