Beyond the landscape: Resistance modelling infers physical and behavioural gene flow barriers to a mobile carnivore across a metropolitan area

Beyond the landscape: Resistance modelling infers physical and behavioural gene flow barriers to a mobile carnivore across a metropolitan area
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超越景观:阻力模型推断出大都市区移动食肉动物的物理和行为基因流动障碍

DOI:
10.1111/mec.15345
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发表时间:
--
期刊:
影响因子:
4.9
通讯作者:
Frantz A.
Frantz A.
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kimmig S;Beninde J;Brandt M;Schleimer A;Kramer-Schadt S;Hofer H;Börner K;Schulze C;Wittstatt U;Heddergott M;Halczok T;Staubach C;Frantz A.

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城市化影响野生动物生态的关键方面。城市野生动物物种的扩散可能受到地理障碍的影响,但也受到物种固有行为变异性的影响。目前还没有在城市-农村连续体中使用连续的基于个体的抽样进行功能连通性分析,这将允许对物理和行为扩散障碍的相对重要性进行彻底评估。我们利用16个微卫星位点对来自柏林市及勃兰登堡州周边农村地区的374只红狐(Vulpes Vulpes)进行基因型分析,以研究一种移动食肉动物在城乡景观中的遗传结构和传播行为。我们通过应用基于个体的景观遗传优化程序来评估功能连通性。三种常用的遗传距离度量产生了不同的模型选择结果,只有基于特征向量的多变量分析结果才能合理地解释遗传分化模式。遗传聚类方法和景观抗性模型支持城市人口的存在,减少了城市边界的分散。人工结构(铁路、高速公路)是城市景观中的主要分散走廊,但城市狐狸避开了人口密集的地区。我们表明,尽管狐狸在城市地区无处不在,它们的流动性和行为可塑性,但它们的扩散受到人为存在的影响。因此,区分人造结构和人类活动场所,而不是自然结构和人工结构,对于更好地理解城市狐狸的扩散至关重要。这种差异也可能有助于理解其他城市野生动物的扩散,并预测行为如何超越物理障碍塑造种群遗传结构。
Urbanization affects key aspects of wildlife ecology. Dispersal in urban wildlife species may be impacted by geographical barriers but also by a species’ inherent behavioural variability. There are no functional connectivity analyses using continuous individual‐based sampling across an urban‐rural continuum that would allow a thorough assessment of the relative importance of physical and behavioural dispersal barriers. We used 16 microsatellite loci to genotype 374 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the city of Berlin and surrounding rural regions in Brandenburg in order to study genetic structure and dispersal behaviour of a mobile carnivore across the urban‐rural landscape. We assessed functional connectivity by applying an individual‐based landscape genetic optimization procedure. Three commonly used genetic distance measures yielded different model selection results, with only the results of an eigenvector‐based multivariate analysis reasonably explaining genetic differentiation patterns. Genetic clustering methods and landscape resistance modelling supported the presence of an urban population with reduced dispersal across the city border. Artificial structures (railways, motorways) served as main dispersal corridors within the cityscape, yet urban foxes avoided densely built‐up areas. We show that despite their ubiquitous presence in urban areas, their mobility and behavioural plasticity, foxes were affected in their dispersal by anthropogenic presence. Distinguishing between man‐made structures and sites of human activity, rather than between natural and artificial structures, is thus essential for better understanding urban fox dispersal. This differentiation may also help to understand dispersal of other urban wildlife and to predict how behaviour can shape population genetic structure beyond physical barriers.
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