Stacking of blocks by chimpanzees: developmental processes and physical understanding
Stacking of blocks by chimpanzees: developmental processes and physical understanding
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-006-0040-9
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发表时间：
2007-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Hayashi, Misato
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hayashi, Misato
已使用堆叠块任务。评估人类和黑猩猩的认知发展。本研究报告了黑猩猩堆叠行为的三个方面：自发发展、训练后的习得过程和通过圆柱块任务评估的物理理解。经过3年对积木操作的纵向观察，3只黑猩猩中有1只在2岁零7个月时自发地开始堆叠立方体积木。另外两个婴儿在3岁零1个月时开始堆砌积木，尽管是在人类测试者对堆砌行为进行奖励训练之后。然后引入圆柱块来评估三个婴儿（3-4岁）和三个成年黑猩猩对物体-物体组合的物理理解。圆柱体的平面适合堆放，圆形不适合堆放。使用顺序代码描述了块操作，并重点分析了任务中的故障、原因和解决方案。六名受试者中有三人（一名婴儿和两名成年人）有效地堆叠圆柱体块：频繁地改变圆柱体的方向，而不让圆面接触其他块。丰富的立方体堆砌经验有助于受试者从一开始就堆砌新颖的圆柱形。另外三名被试在堆叠圆柱体上的效率较低，并使用可变策略来实现目标。然而，在大约15次（75次试验）的测试过程中，他们开始学习有效的堆叠方法。
The stacking-block task has been used. to assess cognitive development in both humans and chimpanzees. The present study reports three aspects of stacking behavior in chimpanzees: spontaneous development, acquisition process following training, and physical understanding assessed through a cylindrical-block task. Over 3 years of longitudinal observation of block manipulation, one of three infant chimpanzees spontaneously started to stack up cubic blocks at the age of 2 years and 7 months. The other two infants began stacking up blocks at 3 years and I month, although only after the introduction of training by a human tester who rewarded stacking behavior. Cylindrical blocks were then introduced to assess physical understanding in object-object combinations in three infant (aged 3-4) and three adult chimpanzees. The flat surfaces of cylinders are suitable for stacking, while the rounded surface is not. Block manipulation was described using sequential codes and analyzed focusing on failure, cause, and solution in the task. Three of the six subjects (one infant and two adults) stacked up cylindrical blocks efficiently: frequently changing the cylinders' orientation without contacting the round side to other blocks. Rich experience in stacking cubes may facilitate subjects' stacking of novel, cylindrical shapes from the beginning. The other three subjects were less efficient in stacking cylinders and used variable strategies to achieve the goal. Nevertheless, they began to learn the effective way of stacking over the course of testing, after about 15 sessions (75 trials).