Tactics of evasion: strategies used by signallers to deter eavesdropping enemies from exploiting communication systems
Tactics of evasion: strategies used by signallers to deter eavesdropping enemies from exploiting communication systems
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12904
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发表时间：
2022-09-29
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Page，Rachel A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bernal，Ximena E.;Page，Rachel A.
捕食者、寄生虫和拟寄生虫利用其猎物和宿主发出的信号进行探测、评估、定位和攻击，并在此过程中对它们所利用的生物体的通信系统施加强大的选择性压力。信号发送者已经发展了许多反窃听策略，以减轻信号利用所带来的成本与对同种通信的需求之间的权衡。窃听者的策略沿着从机会主义到高度专业化的连续体，窃听者-信号者关系的紧密性导致了通信系统的压力差。各种各样的反窃听策略减轻了窃听者利用和同种通信之间的权衡。来自窃听者的对抗性选择可以导致不同的结果，包括信号显示的调制、信号结构以及来自群体的信号的进化损失或增益。这些策略通常会导致信号显著性降低和信号重复性降低。然而，击倒敌人也可以促进信号的传播。虽然不太常见，但这种替代结果提供了一个独特的机会来剖析可能导致不同进化途径的因素。此外，与传统假设相反，没有感觉模态是完全“安全”的，因为窃听者无处不在，并且具有广泛的感觉过滤器，从而允许信号利用的机会。我们讨论了人为的变化如何影响窃听的敌人和他们的受害者之间的相互作用，因为它迅速修改信号环境和社区组成。从一系列的分类群和感官模式的不同研究借鉴，我们综合了当前的知识反窃听策略，讨论在这一领域的挑战，并强调富有成效的新方向，为未来的研究。最后，这篇评论提供了一个概念框架，以了解不同的策略下，他们的窃听敌人施加的压力下，通信信号。
Eavesdropping predators, parasites and parasitoids exploit signals emitted by their prey and hosts for detection, assessment, localization and attack, and in the process impose strong selective pressures on the communication systems of the organisms they exploit. Signallers have evolved numerous anti‐eavesdropper strategies to mitigate the trade‐off between the costs imposed from signal exploitation and the need for conspecific communication. Eavesdropper strategies fall along a continuum from opportunistic to highly specialized, and the tightness of the eavesdropper–signaller relationship results in differential pressures on communication systems. A wide variety of anti‐eavesdropper strategies mitigate the trade‐off between eavesdropper exploitation and conspecific communication. Antagonistic selection from eavesdroppers can result in diverse outcomes including modulation of signalling displays, signal structure, and evolutionary loss or gain of a signal from a population. These strategies often result in reduced signal conspicuousness and in decreased signal ornamentation. Eavesdropping enemies, however, can also promote signal ornamentation. While less common, this alternative outcome offers a unique opportunity to dissect the factors that may lead to different evolutionary pathways. In addition, contrary to traditional assumptions, no sensory modality is completely ‘safe’ as eavesdroppers are ubiquitous and have a broad array of sensory filters that allow opportunity for signal exploitation. We discuss how anthropogenic change affects interactions between eavesdropping enemies and their victims as it rapidly modifies signalling environments and community composition. Drawing on diverse research from a range of taxa and sensory modalities, we synthesize current knowledge on anti‐eavesdropper strategies, discuss challenges in this field and highlight fruitful new directions for future research. Ultimately, this review offers a conceptual framework to understand the diverse strategies used by signallers to communicate under the pressure imposed by their eavesdropping enemies.