Wings of the butterfly : sunspot groups for 1826–2015
Wings of the butterfly : sunspot groups for 1826–2015
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DOI：
10.1051/0004-6361/201629533
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发表时间：
2017-03
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
R. Leussu;I. Usoskin;V. S. Pavai;A. Diercke;R. Arlt;C. Denker;K. Mursula
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Leussu;I. Usoskin;V. S. Pavai;A. Diercke;R. Arlt;C. Denker;K. Mursula
太阳黑子活动的时空演变，即所谓的蒙德蝴蝶图，自1874年以来一直使用皇家格林威治天文台的数据，并在1976年后由SOON网络数据扩展。本文利用施瓦贝（1826-1867）和施珀勒（1866-1880）的最新数字化资料，给出了1826年以来太阳黑子群出现的一个新的扩展蝶形图。该图的两翼是使用最近开发的方法分离的，该方法基于对不同纬度带太阳黑子群出现的长间隙的分析。我们定义了特征纬度，对应于机翼的开始、结束和最大范围（F、L和H纬度）。H纬度（30 ° C-45 ° C）与翅膀的强度（通过每月太阳黑子群的总数来量化）高度显著相关。F纬度（20 ° C-30 ° C）描绘了一个弱的趋势，特别是在南半球，跟随翅膀的力量。L纬度（2 ° C-10 ° C）与机翼强度没有明显关系。总的来说，较强的周期翼往往开始在较高的纬度和有一个更大的翼范围。一个强大的（5-6）周期的周期振荡被发现在开始和结束的时间的翅膀和重叠和连续的翅膀之间的间隙的一个半球。虽然南半球的平均机翼重叠为零，但在北半球则为两到三个月。在L纬度的不对称性中发现了大约10个太阳周期的轻微显著振荡。新的蝴蝶翅膀长数据库为太阳发电机模型提供了新的观测约束，这些模型讨论了太阳黑子在太阳周期和更长时间内的时空分布。
The spatio-temporal evolution of sunspot activity, the so-called Maunder butterfly diagram, has been continously available since 1874 using data from the Royal Greenwich Observatory, extended by SOON network data after 1976. Here we present a new extended butterfly diagram of sunspot group occurrence since 1826, using the recently digitized data from Schwabe (1826–1867) and Spörer (1866–1880). The wings of the diagram are separated using a recently developed method based on an analysis of long gaps in sunspot group occurrence in different latitude bands. We define characteristic latitudes, corresponding to the start, end, and the largest extent of the wings (the F, L, and H latitudes). The H latitudes (30◦–45◦) are highly significantly correlated with the strength of the wings (quantified by the total sum of the monthly numbers of sunspot groups). The F latitudes (20◦–30◦) depict a weak tendency, especially in the southern hemisphere, to follow the wing strength. The L latitudes (2◦–10◦) show no clear relation to the wing strength. Overall, stronger cycle wings tend to start at higher latitudes and have a greater wing extent. A strong (5–6)-cycle periodic oscillation is found in the start and end times of the wings and in the overlap and gaps between successive wings of one hemisphere. While the average wing overlap is zero in the southern hemisphere, it is two to three months in the north. A marginally significant oscillation of about ten solar cycles is found in the asymmetry of the L latitudes. The new long database of butterfly wings provides new observational constraints to solar dynamo models that discuss the spatio-temporal distribution of sunspot occurrence over the solar cycle and longer.