The solid and liquid states of chromatin.
The solid and liquid states of chromatin.
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染色质的固态和液态。
DOI：
10.1186/s13072-021-00424-5
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发表时间：
2021-10-30
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Hendzel MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hansen JC;Maeshima K;Hendzel MJ
审查开始与相分离的原则的简明描述。随后是关于染色质相分离的综合部分，其中我们回顾了染色质聚集研究的60年历史，讨论了染色质聚集本质上是由染色质自身相互作用驱动的生理相关的液-固相分离（LSPS）过程的证据，并强调了最近的发现，在特定的溶液条件下，染色质可以进行液-液相分离（LLPS），而不是LSPS。在下一节的审查，我们将讨论如何某些染色质相关蛋白进行LLPS在体外和体内。一些染色质结合蛋白在接近生理离子强度的缓冲液中以纯化的形式进行LLPS，而其他蛋白仅在DNA、核小体或染色质存在下进行LLPS。最后一节的审查评估固体和液体状态的染色质在细胞核中。染色质在中尺度上表现为不移动的固体，而核小体在纳米尺度上是移动的。我们讨论了这种双重性质的染色质，这符合粘弹性的概念，有助于基因组结构，强调染色质自我相互作用的主导作用。
The review begins with a concise description of the principles of phase separation. This is followed by a comprehensive section on phase separation of chromatin, in which we recount the 60 years history of chromatin aggregation studies, discuss the evidence that chromatin aggregation intrinsically is a physiologically relevant liquid–solid phase separation (LSPS) process driven by chromatin self-interaction, and highlight the recent findings that under specific solution conditions chromatin can undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) rather than LSPS. In the next section of the review, we discuss how certain chromatin-associated proteins undergo LLPS in vitro and in vivo. Some chromatin-binding proteins undergo LLPS in purified form in near-physiological ionic strength buffers while others will do so only in the presence of DNA, nucleosomes, or chromatin. The final section of the review evaluates the solid and liquid states of chromatin in the nucleus. While chromatin behaves as an immobile solid on the mesoscale, nucleosomes are mobile on the nanoscale. We discuss how this dual nature of chromatin, which fits well the concept of viscoelasticity, contributes to genome structure, emphasizing the dominant role of chromatin self-interaction.