The core cadastral domain model
The core cadastral domain model
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DOI：
10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2005.12.002
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发表时间：
2006-09
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. V. Oosterom;C. Lemmen;T. Ingvarsson;P. V. D. Molen;H. Ploeger;W. Quak;J. Stoter;J. Zevenbergen
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文献类型：
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作者：
P. V. Oosterom;C. Lemmen;T. Ingvarsson;P. V. D. Molen;H. Ploeger;W. Quak;J. Stoter;J. Zevenbergen
标准化核心地籍域模型（CCDM）涵盖了广义上的土地登记和地籍（多用途地籍），将至少服务于两个重要目标：（1）避免一遍又一遍地重新发明和重新实现相同的功能，而是为基于模型驱动架构（MDA）的高效和有效的地籍系统开发提供可扩展的基础，以及（2）使一国内部和不同国家之间的相关各方能够基于共享的信息进行沟通。模型隐含的本体论。第二个目标对于在国际背景下创建标准化信息服务非常重要，其中土地管理领域语义必须在国家之间共享（以便实现所需的翻译）。本文概述了核心地籍域模型及其过去 4 年的发展。该模型已经开发了一系列版本，每次都根据与国际专家研讨会的讨论以及世界多个国家（荷兰、萨尔瓦多、玻利维亚、丹麦、瑞典、葡萄牙、希腊、澳大利亚、尼泊尔、埃及、冰岛以及几个非洲和阿拉伯国家）案例研究的经验进行调整。模型设计过程中的重要条件过去和现在仍然是：应涵盖世界各地地籍登记的共同点，应基于Cadastre 2014的概念框架，应遵循国际ISO和OGC标准，同时模型应尽可能简单，以便在实践中有用。除了介绍 CCDM 本身之外，本文还代表了地理信息标准化的重要新浪潮：在独立于领域的基本地理信息标准（当前的 ISO 和 OGC 系列标准）之后，现在将开发基于特定领域的新标准。由于国家（和地区）之间的历史差异，类似的领域（例如地籍领域）可能会以不同的方式建模，因此必须首先进行重要的协调。所提出的 CCDM 是这种协调的结果，也是语义地理信息领域标准的首批提出的示例之一。除了地块、人和权利这三个众所周知的概念外，在类级别，该模型还包括建筑物和其他注册对象（地役权的几何图形，如通行权、保护区、公用事业对象周围的法律空间等）等不动产以及以下概念：源文档，例如调查文档或法律文档（例如契据或所有权）、责任、限制（定义为除拥有所有权之外的其他人的权利）和抵押贷款。在模型的属性级别，包括以下方面：SalePrize、UseCode、TaxAmount、Interest、Ranking、Share、Measurements、QualityLabel、LegalSize、EstimatedSize、ComputedSize、TransformationParams、PointCode 和几个不同的日期/时间。该模型的核心基于三个类：（1）RegisterObject（包括各种不动产和动产），（2）RRR（权利，限制，责任），以及（3）Person（自然，非自然和团体）。该模型支持所涉及类的时间方面，并提供多个级别的 Parcel 模糊性：Parcel（完整拓扑）、SpaghettiParcel（仅几何）、PointParcel（单点）和 TextParcel（无坐标，仅描述）。几何和拓扑（2D 和 3D）基于 OGC 和 ISO/TC211 标准类别。该模型在 UML 类图中指定，并指示如何将此 UML 模型转换为……
A standardized core cadastral domain model (CCDM), covering land registration and cadastre in a broad sense (multipurpose cadastre), will serve at least two important goals: (1) Avoid re-inventing and re-implementing the same functionality over and over again, but provide a extensible basis for efficient and effective cadastral system development based on a model driven architecture (MDA), and (2) enable involved parties, both within one country and between different countries, to communicate based on the shared ontology implied by the model. The second goal is very important for creating standardized information services in an international context, where land administration domain semantics have to be shared between countries (in order to enable needed translations). This paper presents an overview of the core cadastral domain model and its developments over the last 4 years. The model has been developed in a set of versions, which were each time adjusted based on the discussions at workshops with international experts and the experience from case studies in several countries of the world (Netherlands, El Salvador, Bolivia, Denmark, Sweden, Portugal, Greece, Australia, Nepal, Egypt, Iceland, and several African and Arab countries). Important conditions during the design of the model were and still are: should cover the common aspects of cadastral registrations all over the world, should be based on the conceptual framework of Cadastre 2014, should follow the international ISO and OGC standards, and at the same time the model should be as simple as possible in order to be useful in practise. Besides presenting the CCDM itself this paper represents an important new wave in geo-information standardization: after the domain independent basic geo-information standards (current series of ISO and OGC standards), the new standards based on specific domains will now be developed. Due to historical differences between countries (and regions) similar domains, such as the cadastral domain, may be modeled differently and therefore non-trivial harmonisation has to be done first. The presented CCDM is a result of this harmonisation and one of the first presented examples of semantic geo-information domain standards. Besides the three well-known concepts, Parcel, Person and Right, at the class level the model also includes immovables such as Building and OtherRegisterObject (geometry of easement, like a right of way, protected region, legal space around utility object, etc.) and the following concepts: SourceDocument such as SurveyDocument or LegalDocument (e.g. deed or title), Responsibilities, Restrictions (defined as Rights by other Person than the one having the ownership Right) and Mortgages. At the attribute level of the model the following aspects are included: SalePrize, UseCode, TaxAmount, Interest, Ranking, Share, Measurements, QualityLabel, LegalSize, EstimatedSize, ComputedSize, TransformationParams, PointCode, and several different date/times. The heart of the model is based on the three classes: (1) RegisterObject (including all kinds of immovables and movables), (2) RRR (right, restriction, responsibility), and (3) Person (natural, non-natural and group). The model supports the temporal aspects of the involved classes and offers several levels of Parcel fuzziness: Parcel (full topology), SpaghettiParcel (only geometry), PointParcel (single point), and TextParcel (no coordinate, just a description). The geometry and topology (2D and 3D) are based on the OGC and ISO/TC211 standard classes. The model is specified in UML class diagrams and it is indicated how this UML model can be converted into and …