Understorey versus canopy: patterns of vertical stratification and diversity among Lepidoptera in a Bornean rain forest
Understorey versus canopy: patterns of vertical stratification and diversity among Lepidoptera in a Bornean rain forest
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下层与冠层：婆罗洲雨林鳞翅目垂直分层和多样性的模式
DOI：
10.1023/a:1017589711553
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
K. Fiedler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Schulze;K. Linsenmair;K. Fiedler
我们使用三种不同的方法研究了京那巴鲁公园（婆罗洲）龙脑香科雨林树冠走道上鳞翅目的垂直分布：（1）用诱饵陷阱调查以水果为食的蛱蝶，（2）对主要访花蝴蝶及其潜在捕食者、空中鹰鸟进行标准化计数，以及（3）黑光对鹰蛾和虎蛾的吸引。树冠上食果若虫的数量明显减少，可能是由于较高地层腐烂水果的数量减少且难以预测。这些限制也可能导致冠层丰度变化较大，以及从下层较大物种到冠层较小物种的大小发生显着变化。小气候的变化和食虫空中鹞鸟从地面到冠层的显着增加可能是 20 至 30 m 之间食果若虫物种组成显着变化的原因。食花蜜的鳞翅目表现出相反的丰度模式。导致冠层中访花蝴蝶和蛾类群（例如天蛾科和一些牛蒡亚科）数量大幅增加的一个主要因素可能是上层植被层可用花蜜资源的增加。在树冠中还发现了明显更高的天蛾多样性。冠层中食虫空中鹞鸟的数量增加可能有助于食果若虫的身体设计从较低植被层更细长的身体转变为冠层中更粗壮的身体（即翅膀更强壮的物种）。幼虫资源可以在垂直梯度的一小部分专业化中发挥额外的作用。这可以解释若虫亚科吗啡亚科和蛱蝶亚科的分层模式。这两个类群的单子叶幼虫食用植物的飞行活动主要限于林下层，大多出现在较低的植被层中。我们对蝴蝶和飞蛾的广泛分类和生态范围的观察表明，热带森林冠层拥有独特的鳞翅目动物群，其物种丰富度和丰度模式与较低地层不同。然而，热带森林冠层作为陆地多样性顶峰的概念并不统一适用于所有类群或行会。
We studied the vertical distribution of Lepidoptera from a canopy walkway within a dipterocarp rain forest at Kinabalu Park (Borneo) using three different methods: (1) Bait traps to survey fruit-feeding nymphalid butterflies, (2) standardized counts for predominantly flower-visiting butterflies and their potential predators, aerial-hawking birds, and (3) attraction by blacklight for hawk- and tiger moths. There was a distinct decrease in the abundance of fruit-feeding nymphalids towards the canopy, probably due to a reduced and less predictable availability of rotting fruits in higher strata. These constraints might also be responsible for a higher abundance variation in the canopy, and a significant shift in size from larger species in the understorey to smaller ones in the canopy. Changes of microclimate and the conspicuous increase of insectivorous aerial-hawking birds from ground to canopy layer may be responsible for the prominent change in species composition of fruit-feeding nymphalids between 20 and 30 m. Nectar-feeding Lepidoptera showed a reversed abundance pattern. One main factor contributing to the much higher abundance of flower-visiting butterflies and moth taxa in the canopy, such as Sphingidae and some Arctiinae, might be the increase of nectar resources available in upper vegetation layers. A distinctly higher diversity in hawkmoths was also found in the canopy. A higher abundance of insectivorous aerial-hawking birds in the canopy might contribute to the shift in body design of fruit-feeding nymphalids from more slender bodies at lower vegetation layers to stouter ones (i.e. species which are stronger on the wing) in the canopy. Larval resources could play an additional role in specialisation on but a small part of the vertical gradient. This may explain stratification pattern of the nymphalid subfamilies Morphinae and Satyrinae. Monocotyledoneous larval food plants of both taxa, whose flight activity is largely restricted to the understorey, occur mostly in lower vegetation layers. Our observations on a wide taxonomic and ecological range of butterflies and moths indicate that tropical forest canopies hold a distinct and unique Lepidoptera fauna, whose species richness and abundance patterns differ from lower strata. However, the notion of tropical forest canopies as peaks of terrestrial diversity does not hold uniformly for all taxa or guilds.