Dopamine systems in the forebrain.
Dopamine systems in the forebrain.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4419-0322-8_2
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发表时间：
2009
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大脑包含许多不同的区域，这些区域共享多巴胺（DA）的表达及其必要的生物合成机制，但在其他方面包含各种各样的特征和功能。在脊椎动物家族中，嗅球（OB）包含前脑中的主要DA系统。OB DA细胞主要是肾小球周围的中间神经元，其限定肾小球结构，在所述肾小球结构中它们接受来自嗅觉受体神经元以及二尖瓣和簇状细胞（主要OB输出神经元）的神经支配。OB DA细胞是必要的歧视和动态范围内的气味感觉信息可以被检测到。在胚胎中，OB DA神经元来源于端脑外翻的脑室区、背外侧神经节隆起和隔。然而，大多数OB DA中间神经元是出生后产生的，并在整个成年期继续从侧脑室和吻侧迁移流的脑室下区的神经干细胞产生。成人出生的OB DA神经元能够整合到现有的电路中，并且在帕金森病中似乎不会退化。已经鉴定了几个基因，其调节从神经干细胞向OB DA中间神经元的分化。这些包括修饰酪氨酸羟化酶表达的转录因子，酪氨酸羟化酶是DA生物合成途径中的第一种酶，也是DA表型的可靠标志物。阐明OB DA分化的分子遗传途径可能会促进神经系统疾病治疗策略的发展。
The brain contains a number of distinct regions that share expression of dopamine (DA) and its requisite biosynthetic machinery, but otherwise encompass a diverse array of features and functions. Across the vertebrate family, the olfactory bulb (OB) contains the major DA system in the forebrain. OB DA cells are primarily periglomerular interneurons that define the glomerular structures in which they receive innervation from olfactory receptor neurons as well as mitral and tufted cells, the primary OB output neurons. The OB DA cells are necessary for both discrimination and the dynamic range over which odorant sensory information can be detected. In the embryo, OB DA neurons are derived from the ventricular area of the evaginating telencephalon, the dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence, and the septum. However, most OB DA interneurons are generated post-natally and continue to be produced throughout adult life from neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and rostral migratory stream. Adult born OB DA neurons are capable of integrating into existing circuits and do not appear to degenerate in Parkinson’s disease. Several genes have been identified that regulate the differentiation of OB DA interneurons from neural stem cells. These include transcription factors that modify the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the first enzyme in the DA biosynthetic pathway and a reliable marker of the DA phenotype. Elucidation of the molecular genetic pathways of OB DA differentiation may advance the development of strategies to treat neurological disease.