Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders.
Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_15
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Rook;C. Raison;C. Lowry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Rook;C. Raison;C. Lowry
免疫系统的调节是肠道微生物群的重要功能。越来越多的证据表明，现代生活条件导致肠道微生物群偏离了人类进化过程中的形态。影响因素包括蠕虫感染的消失、微生物多样性的减少以及饮食和抗生素使用对微生物群组成的调节。因此，肠道微生物群是卫生假说（或者我们更喜欢的“老朋友”机制）的主要调节因素，该假说描述了与我们共同进化并需要被耐受的生物体作为免疫调节的关键诱导剂的作用。至少部分是由于接触免疫调节老朋友（其中许多但并非全部存在于肠道）的减少，高收入国家的各种慢性炎症性疾病（包括过敏、自身免疫和炎症性肠病）正在大幅增加。抑郁、焦虑和应激恢复能力降低与这些病症共存，或者可能发生在没有临床明显外周炎症性疾病的炎症生物标志物循环水平持续升高的个体中。此外，怀孕期间炎症调节不良可能会导致大脑发育异常，而这是某些自闭症谱系障碍和精神分裂症病例的基础。在本章中，我们将解释肠道微生物群如何驱动免疫调节，错误的免疫调节和炎症如何诱发精神疾病，以及心理压力如何通过涉及肠道和微生物群的途径进一步驱动炎症。我们还概述了大脑和炎症之间的这种双向关系如何影响微生物群、老朋友和免疫调节对压力恢复能力的控制。
Regulation of the immune system is an important function of the gut microbiota. Increasing evidence suggests that modern living conditions cause the gut microbiota to deviate from the form it took during human evolution. Contributing factors include loss of helminth infections, encountering less microbial biodiversity, and modulation of the microbiota composition by diet and antibiotic use. Thus the gut microbiota is a major mediator of the hygiene hypothesis (or as we prefer, “Old Friends” mechanism), which describes the role of organisms with which we co-evolved, and that needed to be tolerated, as crucial inducers of immunoregulation. At least partly as a consequence of reduced exposure to immunoregulatory Old Friends, many but not all of which resided in the gut, high-income countries are undergoing large increases in a wide range of chronic inflammatory disorders including allergies, autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases. Depression, anxiety and reduced stress resilience are comorbid with these conditions, or can occur in individuals with persistently raised circulating levels of biomarkers of inflammation in the absence of clinically apparent peripheral inflammatory disease. Moreover poorly regulated inflammation during pregnancy might contribute to brain developmental abnormalities that underlie some cases of autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. In this chapter we explain how the gut microbiota drives immunoregulation, how faulty immunoregulation and inflammation predispose to psychiatric disease, and how psychological stress drives further inflammation via pathways that involve the gut and microbiota. We also outline how this two-way relationship between the brain and inflammation implicates the microbiota, Old Friends and immunoregulation in the control of stress resilience.