Water withdrawal and consumption reduction for electrical energy generation systems
Water withdrawal and consumption reduction for electrical energy generation systems
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.023
复制
发表时间：
2019-08
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Narjes Nouri;Farhad Balali;A. Nasiri;Hamid Seifoddini;Wilkistar Otieno
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Narjes Nouri;Farhad Balali;A. Nasiri;Hamid Seifoddini;Wilkistar Otieno
水是地球上生命最重要的资源。各种人类活动影响着这一宝贵资源的质量和数量，有许多举措来确保水资源免受过度使用、污染以及工业和农业废物的影响。由于能源部门是仅次于农业的第二大用水部门，水和能源系统高度相互关联。具体地，在能量产生过程中使用大量的水，主要用于产生蒸汽和用于冷却过程，用于冷却过程的水将返回到储层。因此，大多数基于化石的发电厂除了消耗水之外，还通过提高用于冷却的水的温度来影响水资源。有限的水资源也会影响满足需求的发电能力。因此，能源和水部门相互交织的综合规划对节约用水和能源都至关重要。本文描述了一项综合研究，分析和量化了各种发电资源（如煤炭、天然气和可再生能源）的取水和消耗。该研究开发了一个通用模型，以确定各种能源生产情景的用水量和影响，并在考虑若干限制和约束的同时尽量减少用水量。加州州的案例研究表明，可以制定用水量的量化，并可以确定节水的潜在机会。
Water is the greatest resource for life on earth. Various human activities affect the quality and quantity of this precious resource, and there are many initiatives to ensure water resources are protected from overuse, pollution, and industrial and agricultural waste. Since the energy sector is the second largest consumer of water after agriculture, water and energy systems are highly interlinked. Specifically, a significant amount of water is used in the energy generation process primarily for producing steam and for cooling processes, the water used for cooling processes will be returned back to the reservoir. Consequently, most fossil-based power plants in addition to consuming water, impact the water resources by raising the temperature of water withdrawn for cooling. Limited water resources can also affect the ability to generate electric power to meet the demand. Therefore, integrated planning for the interleaved energy and water sectors is essential for both water and energy savings. This paper describes a comprehensive study that analyzes and quantifies water withdrawals and consumption of various electricity generation sources such as coal, natural gas and renewable sources. The study has developed a general model to determine the water consumption and impact for various energy generation scenarios and to minimize the amount of water consumption while considering several limitations and restrictions. A case study performed for the state of California indicates that quantification of water consumption can be formulated and potential opportunities for water saving can be identified.