Global surveillance of oral tobacco products: total nicotine, unionised nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines
Global surveillance of oral tobacco products: total nicotine, unionised nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines
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DOI：
10.1136/tc.2010.037465
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发表时间：
2011-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Watson, Clifford H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stanfill, Stephen B.;Connolly, Gregory N.;Watson, Clifford H.
目的 口腔烟草制品含有尼古丁和致癌烟草特有的 N-亚硝胺 (TSNA)，可通过口腔粘膜吸收。本研究的目的是确定全球分销的选定口腔烟草产品中总尼古丁、未游离尼古丁（最容易吸收的形式）和五种 TSNA 的典型 pH 范围和浓度。方法使用气相色谱法或液相色谱法，对来自 5 个世界卫生组织 (WHO) 地区的总共 53 种口腔烟草产品进行总尼古丁和 TSNA 分析，包括 4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇 (NNAL)。质谱检测。使用产品 pH 值和总尼古丁浓度计算未电离的尼古丁浓度。傅里叶变换红外光谱用于帮助对某些产品进行分类或表征。结果总尼古丁含量从 0.16 到 34.1 毫克/克产品不等，而计算出的未电离尼古丁含量从 0.05 到 31.0 毫克/克产品不等； 620倍的变化范围。产品的 pH 值范围为 5.2 至 10.1，这意味着 0.2% 至 99.1% 的尼古丁呈未电离形式。一些产品具有非常高的pH值和相应高的未电离尼古丁（例如，gul粉、chimo、toombak）和/或高TSNA（例如，toombak、zarda、khaini）浓度。 TSNA 的浓度跨越了五个数量级，其中 4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮 (NNK) 的浓度范围为 4.5 至 516 000 ng/g 产品。 结论 这些数据对风险评估具有重要意义，因为它们表明使用这些化学成分不同的口腔烟草产品可能会带来截然不同的暴露风险。由于化学成分差异很大，在考虑口腔烟草产品使用对公共健康的影响时，不应将其分类在一起。
Objective Oral tobacco products contain nicotine and carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) that can be absorbed through the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine typical pH ranges and concentrations of total nicotine, unionised nicotine (the most readily absorbed form) and five TSNAs in selected oral tobacco products distributed globally.Methods A total of 53 oral tobacco products from 5 World Health Organisation (WHO) regions were analysed for total nicotine and TSNAs, including 4-(methylnitrosamino)- 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), using gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Unionised nicotine concentrations were calculated using product pH and total nicotine concentrations. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to help categorise or characterise some products.Results Total nicotine content varied from 0.16 to 34.1 mg/g product, whereas, the calculated unionised nicotine ranged from 0.05 to 31.0 mg/g product; a 620-fold range of variation. Products ranged from pH 5.2 to 10.1, which translates to 0.2% to 99.1% of nicotine being in the unionised form. Some products have very high pH and correspondingly high unionised nicotine (eg, gul powder, chimo, toombak) and/or high TSNA (eg, toombak, zarda, khaini) concentrations. The concentrations of TSNAs spanned five orders of magnitude with concentrations of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) ranging from 4.5 to 516 000 ng/g product.Conclusions These data have important implications for risk assessment because they show that very different exposure risks may be posed through the use of these chemically diverse oral tobacco products. Because of the wide chemical variation, oral tobacco products should not be categorised together when considering the public health implications of their use.