Building “A Ladder of Citizen Participation”
Building “A Ladder of Citizen Participation”
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搭建“公民参与的阶梯”
DOI：
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发表时间：
2019
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Gaber
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Gaber
摘要 问题、研究策略和发现：雪莉·阿恩斯坦（Sherry Arnstein）的“公民参与的阶梯”是规划者思考公民参与的基石。阿恩斯坦根据 1967 年至 1968 年在住房和城市发展部 (HUD) 担任公民参与模范城市计划首席顾问的经历撰写了这篇文章。尽管这篇文章对规划领域产生了重大影响，但有关阿恩斯坦本人以及影响她写作的因素的报道却很少。在本文中，我利用生活史和档案研究，将《公民参与的阶梯》及其作者置于其历史背景中，为模范城市计划中强调公民参与以及阿恩斯坦呼吁采取行动对公民参与进行新的“伙伴关系”解释背后的政治提供了新的见解。最后，我以阿恩斯坦更广泛的伙伴关系模式作为下一代规划者和学者之间关于地方政府和社区团体之间平等关系的新兴对话的新出发点。实践要点：实践规划者可以从阿恩斯坦构建“公民参与阶梯”的历程中学到两个要点。首先，阿恩斯坦的职业生涯是一个蓝图，展示了社区倡导规划者如何成为变革的务实推动者。阿恩斯坦在制度限制下建立共识的专业工作模式是解决全国范围内的不公正现象的重要策略，这些不公正现象包括青少年犯罪、医院隔离和不公平的公民参与实践。其次，阿斯坦在《阶梯》中只讨论了 HUD 公民参与工作的一半。她的公民参与工作的另一半着眼于地方政府通过与当地社区团体建立长期“伙伴关系”来带头创建公平的公民参与流程。
Abstract Problem, research strategy, and findings: Sherry Arnstein’s “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” is the cornerstone for planners thinking about citizen participation. Arnstein wrote the article based on her experiences working at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) from 1967 to 1968 as the chief advisor on citizen participation in the Model Cities Program. Despite the article’s substantial influence on the planning field, very little has been published about Arnstein herself and the contributing factors that influenced her writing. In this article, I draw on life history and archival research to place “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” and its author in their historical context, offering new insights into the politics behind the emphasis on citizen involvement in the Model Cities Program and Arnstein’s call to action for a new “partnership” interpretation of citizen participation. I conclude with Arnstein’s broader partnership model as a new point of departure for the emerging dialogue about the equalizing relationship between local government and community groups among the next generation of planners and scholars. Takeaway for practice: There are two takeaways that practicing planners can learn from following Arnstein’s journey in building “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” First, Arnstein’s career is a blueprint that shows how community advocacy planners can be pragmatic instigators for change. Her professional working model in establishing shared understandings while working within institutional constraints is an important strategy Arnstein used to tackle nationwide injustices ranging from juvenile delinquency, to segregation of hospitals, to inequitable citizen participation practices. Second, Arstein only discusses half of her HUD citizen participation work in “A Ladder.” The other half of her citizen participation work looked at local governments taking the lead for creating equitable citizen participation processes through the building of long-term “partnerships” with local community groups.