Achieving private conservation targets in Brazil through restoration and compensation schemes without impairing productive lands
Achieving private conservation targets in Brazil through restoration and compensation schemes without impairing productive lands
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envsci.2021.02.014
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发表时间：
2021-02-27
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Metzger, Jean Paul
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
de Mello, Kaline;Fendrich, Arthur Nicolaus;Metzger, Jean Paul
要求保护原生植被的环境政策执行起来可能具有挑战性，特别是在生产性农业景观中。在巴西，《巴西原生植被保护法》规定了“法定保护区”，即土地所有者必须在其财产上保留受保护的原生植被。如果土地所有者在其财产上没有达到所要求的最低数量的原生植被（法定储备“目标”），他们必须恢复同一财产上的植被以达到目标，或者通过保护现有植被或在另一财产上恢复植被来进行补偿，最好是在生态相等的地区。在这里，我们评估了不同的策略（现场/场外保护和/或恢复），以及使用场外策略时对生态等效的不同要求，如何影响实现法定保护区目标的能力，同时最大限度地减少对生产性农田原生植被的恢复需求。我们利用一种新颖的迭代工具，构建了不同生态等效要求下满足最小保护目标的不同策略组合的情景，并比较了它们实现目标的能力和可能的成本。大西洋森林是唯一不可能通过保护现有原生植被来达到法定保护区目标的生物群落，即使在放宽生态等效规则的情况下也是如此。因此，该生物群系需要植被恢复。只要只需要最低限度的生态等效，就可以在巴西所有州实现这一目标；然而，对于大多数州来说，在要求中等到高度生态等效的同时，仍然可以避免在农田生产区域恢复原生植被的需要。这些发现表明，在寻求达到法定储备目标时，在巴西大部分地区以具有成本效益的方式实现适度生态等效的潜力，并且不损害生产性土地。
Environmental policies that require native vegetation conservation can be challenging to implement, especially in productive agricultural landscapes. In Brazil, the Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law mandates 'Legal Reserves', protected native vegetation that landowners must retain on their properties. If landowners do not have the required minimum amount of native vegetation on their properties (the Legal Reserve 'target'), they must either restore vegetation on the same property to meet the target, or compensate by protecting existing vegetation or restoring it on another property, ideally in ecologically equivalent areas. Here, we evaluate how different strategies (on-site/off-site protection and/or restoration), and different requirements for ecological equivalence when off-site strategies are used, affect the ability to achieve Legal Reserve targets, while minimising the need to restore native vegetation on productive farmland. We used a novel iterative tool to build scenarios that reflect different combinations of strategies to meet the minimum conservation target under different requirements for ecological equivalence, and compared their ability to achieve the target and their likely cost. The Atlantic Forest was the only biome where it was not possible to achieve the Legal Reserve target by protection of existing native vegetation, even when ecological equivalence rules were relaxed. As a consequence, vegetation restoration is required in this biome. Directing this required restoration to pasturelands that are less-suitable for agriculture allowed the target to be achieved in all states of Brazil, as long as only minimal ecological equivalence was required; however, for most states, the need to restore native vegetation on productive areas on farmlands could still be avoided while requiring medium to high ecological equivalence. These findings show the potential for moderate ecological equivalence to be achieved across most of Brazil in a cost-effective way and without impairing productive lands when seeking to meet the Legal Reserve targets.