Development of Lead Source-specific Exposure Standards Based on Aggregate Exposure Assessment: Bayesian Inversion from Biomonitoring Information to Multipathway Exposure
Development of Lead Source-specific Exposure Standards Based on Aggregate Exposure Assessment: Bayesian Inversion from Biomonitoring Information to Multipathway Exposure
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DOI：
10.1021/es202800z
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发表时间：
2012-01-17
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Hu, Jianying
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dong, Zhaomin;Hu, Jianying
儿童接触铅非常令人关注，不同媒体的暴露标准对保护公共安全非常重要。然而，这些针对媒体的标准往往无法确保儿童的安全，即使环境中的铅水平低于质量标准，因为人类往往通过多种途径接触到铅。为了制定儿童铅暴露标准，以保护儿童免受铅暴露的危害，基于贝叶斯层次模型，开发了一种评估儿童铅暴露总量的分析工具，并利用中国1~6岁儿童的血铅水平更新了饮食、油漆、土壤、空气和饮用水的外部铅暴露。在更新外照射的基础上，中国的饮食、油漆、土壤、空气和饮用水的来源配置分别为65.80+/-7.92%、16.98+/-7.88%、13.65+/-5.05%、3.36+/-1.75%和0.20+/-0.14%。根据估算的污染源分配，估算出大气、土壤、水、粮食、蔬菜和油漆的暴露标准分别为0.2mg/m(3)、24.25mgkg、0.027 mgg/L、0.051 mgg/mg、0.042 mgg/mg、38.02mg/mg。由于标准制定程序是基于铅的多途径综合暴露评估，新提出的暴露标准应确保儿童的安全。
Exposure of children to lead is of great concern, and the exposure standards for different media are important for protecting public safety. However, these media-specific standards often fail to ensure the safety of children even when environmental lead levels are lower than the quality standards since humans are often exposed to lead via multiple pathways. To establish exposure standards to protect children from hazards associated with exposure to lead, an analytical tool for assessing aggregate exposure to lead based on Bayesian hierarchical model was developed, and then was used to update the external lead exposure of diet, paint, soil, air and drinking water using the blood lead levels in Chinese children aged 1-6 years. On the basis of updated external exposure, the source allocations for diet, paint, soil, air, and drinking water in China were 65.80 +/- 7.92%, 16.98 +/- 7.88%, 13.65 +/- 5.05%, 3.36 +/- 1.75%, and 0.20 +/- 0.14%, respectively. Based on the estimated source allocations, the exposure standards were evaluated to be 0.2 mu g/m(3), 24.25 mg/kg, 0.027 mu g/L, 0.051 mu g/mg, 0.042 mu g/mg, 38.02 mu g/mg for air, soil, water, grains, vegetables, and paint, respectively. Since the standards setting procedure was based on the multipathway aggregate exposure assessment of lead, the newly proposed exposure standards should ensure the safety of children.