The Double Bind: The Politics of Racial and Class Inequalities in the Americas Executive Summary
The Double Bind: The Politics of Racial and Class Inequalities in the Americas Executive Summary
复制标题
双重束缚：美洲种族和阶级不平等的政治执行摘要
DOI：
10.1017/s1049096516002687
复制
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Alvin B. Tillery
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Juliet A. Hooker;Alvin B. Tillery
美国政治学协会，2017本报告总结了美国政治学协会美洲种族和阶级不平等问题总统特别工作组的工作。特别工作组的主要目标是调查在美洲国家造成物质、政治和社会不平等的种族和阶级之间的关系。工作队还审查了这些国家的政治制度如何煽动和/或改善与族裔和种族特性以及社会经济地位有关的不平等。显然，美洲55个国家之间存在着巨大的多样性(见附录I)。与此同时，这些国家中相当多的国家都有共同的特征，这使得它们适合在这里建议的调查维度上进行比较分析：不平等，特别是与种族和阶级有关的不平等。所有这些国家都建立在欧洲帝国主义和殖民者殖民主义的历史上，这些殖民者从15世纪开始蹂躏土著人民(Jennings 1975；Todorov 1984)。这些国家中的大多数还参与了1525至1866年间将1200多万非洲人带到西半球的跨大西洋奴隶贸易(Eltis 2000；Eltis and Richardson 2010)。这些国家早期的经济增长和通过移民扩大的欧洲人口都可以追溯到他们在殖民时代参与跨大西洋奴隶贸易和剥削非洲劳动力(Drescher 1977；Eltis 1987；Williams 1944)。在其历史上的某个时候，几乎所有美洲国家都利用族裔和种族差异和/或社会经济地位在不平等的基础上赋予公民权利(Andrews 2004；Telle等人)。2014年)。到二十世纪末，几乎所有这些国家都经历了某种形式的民主过渡，至少在名义上实现了公民平等原则的制度化。与此同时，西半球的许多国家实施了各种社会福利和减贫方案，以及(在某些情况下)旨在缩小种族和族裔差距的公共政策。尽管在授予公民身份和合法权利方面发生了这些变化，但在种族、民族和阶级界限上，在社会经济福祉、服务提供、基本安全和政治影响力的大多数指标上，仍然存在广泛的差异。本报告各章记录了这些差距，并探讨了这些差距持续存在的原因。特别工作组的工作是在政治学开始更多地关注原因和双重束缚的时期展开的：美洲种族和阶级不平等的政治学摘要
©American Political Science Association, 2017 This report summarizes the work of the American Political Science Association’s Presidential Task Force on Racial and Class Inequalities in the Americas. The main goal of the task force was to investigate the relationship between race and class in producing material, political, and social inequalities in the nations of the Americas. The task force also examined how the political systems in these countries work to foment and/or ameliorate inequalities that track with ethnic and racial identities and socioeconomic status. Clearly, enormous diversity exists among the 55 nations of the Americas (see Appendix I). At the same time, a sizable majority of these nations share features that make them ripe for comparative analyses along the dimensions of inquiry suggested here: inequality, particularly as it relates to race and class. All of these nations were founded on a history of European imperialism and settler colonialism that ravaged indigenous populations beginning in the fifteenth century (Jennings 1975; Todorov 1984). The majority of these nations also participated in the transatlantic slave trade that brought upwards of 12 million Africans to the western hemisphere between 1525 and 1866 (Eltis 2000; Eltis and Richardson 2010). Both the early economic growth of these nations and the expansion of their European populations through immigration are traceable to their participation in the transatlantic slave trade and the exploitation of African labor during their colonial eras (Drescher 1977; Eltis 1987; Williams 1944). At some point in their histories, almost all of the nations of the Americas have used ethnic and racial differences and/ or socioeconomic status to confer citizenship rights on an unequal basis (Andrews 2004; Telles et al. 2014). By the end of the twentieth century, nearly all of these nations had experienced some form of democratic transition that, in name at least, institutionalized the principle of equal citizenship. At the same time, many nations in the hemisphere had implemented various types of social welfare and poverty-reduction programs, as well as (in some cases) public policies aimed at reducing racial and ethnic disparities. Despite these changes in conferring citizenship status and legal rights, widespread disparities remain on most indicators of socioeconomic wellbeing, service provision, basic safety, and political influence along racial, ethnic, and class lines. The chapters in this report document these gaps and explore the causes of their persistence. The work of the task force unfolded in a period in which political science has begun to pay greater attention to the causes and The Double Bind: The Politics of Racial and Class Inequalities in the Americas Executive Summary