Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions
Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions
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DOI：
10.1115/1.4004493
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发表时间：
2011-07-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Winkelstein, Beth A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jaumard, Nicolas V.;Welch, William C.;Winkelstein, Beth A.
小关节是脊柱的一个重要解剖区域，因为它在促进脊柱椎骨的关节连接方面具有生物力学作用。它是一种具有相对的关节软骨表面的二关节，提供低摩擦环境和包围关节间隙的韧带囊。由于其几何形状和机械功能，双侧小关节与椎间盘一起传递载荷并引导和约束脊柱中的运动。虽然大量的研究集中在定义脊柱的生物力学和椎间盘的形式和功能，小关节只是最近才成为实验，计算和临床研究的重点。这种机械行为确保了脊柱在生理负荷期间的正常健康和功能，但是当小关节的组织由于损伤、退化或由于脊柱的手术修改而改变时，也可能导致其功能障碍。颈椎和腰椎小关节的解剖学、生物力学和生理学特征随着脊柱外科手术的出现（如椎间盘修复和置换）而日益受到关注，这些手术可能会影响小关节的反应。因此，这篇评论总结了相关的解剖和生物力学的小关节和个体组织，包括it. To更好地了解在所有条件下的组织负荷的生理意义，在软骨，韧带和骨的mechanotransductionpathways的审查也提出了从组织水平的规模，以细胞的修改。在此背景下，实验研究进行了总结，因为它们涉及到最常见的修改，改变生物力学和健康的脊柱损伤和退化。此外，许多计算和有限元模型已被开发，使更详细和具体的调查小关节及其组织比实验方法提供的，也扩大了它们的实用程序的生物力学领域。这些也进行了审查，以提供一个更完整的总结目前的知识小关节力学。总体而言，本次审查的目标是提出一个全面的审查的广度和深度的知识有关的机械和适应性反应的小关节及其组织在各种相关的规模。[DOI 10.1115/1.4004493]
The facet joint is a crucial anatomic region of the spine owing to its biomechanical role in facilitating articulation of the vertebrae of the spinal column. It is a diarthrodial joint with opposing articular cartilage surfaces that provide a low friction environment and a ligamentous capsule that encloses the joint space. Together with the disc, the bilateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function. Although a great deal of research has focused on defining the biomechanics of the spine and the form and function of the disc, the facet joint has only recently become the focus of experimental, computational and clinical studies. This mechanical behavior ensures the normal health and function of the spine during physiologic loading but can also lead to its dysfunction when the tissues of the facet joint are altered either by injury, degeneration or as a result of surgical modification of the spine. The anatomical, biomechanical and physiological characteristics of the facet joints in the cervical and lumbar spines have become the focus of increased attention recently with the advent of surgical procedures of the spine, such as disc repair and replacement, which may impact facet responses. Accordingly, this review summarizes the relevant anatomy and biomechanics of the facet joint and the individual tissues that comprise it. In order to better understand the physiological implications of tissue loading in all conditions, a review of mechanotransduction pathways in the cartilage, ligament and bone is also presented ranging from the tissue-level scale to cellular modifications. With this context, experimental studies are summarized as they relate to the most common modifications that alter the biomechanics and health of the spine-injury and degeneration. In addition, many computational and finite element models have been developed that enable more-detailed and specific investigations of the facet joint and its tissues than are provided by experimental approaches and also that expand their utility for the field of biomechanics. These are also reviewed to provide a more complete summary of the current knowledge of facet joint mechanics. Overall, the goal of this review is to present a comprehensive review of the breadth and depth of knowledge regarding the mechanical and adaptive responses of the facet joint and its tissues across a variety of relevant size scales. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004493]