Geotechnical Measurements for the Investigation and Assessment of Arctic Coastal Erosion—A Review and Outlook
Geotechnical Measurements for the Investigation and Assessment of Arctic Coastal Erosion—A Review and Outlook
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DOI：
10.3390/jmse10070914
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发表时间：
2022-07
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
N. Stark;Brendan Green;Nick Brilli;E. Eidam;K. Franke;Kaleb Markert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Stark;Brendan Green;Nick Brilli;E. Eidam;K. Franke;Kaleb Markert
岩土工程数据越来越多地用于帮助研究海岸侵蚀和开发海岸形态模型；然而，测量技术仍然受到沿海地区环境条件和可达性的挑战，特别是近岸条件。对于北极沿海环境来说，这些挑战更加严重。本文回顾了北极海岸侵蚀和近岸变化岩土工程调查背景下现有和新兴的数据收集方法。具体来说，讨论了锥入度测试（CPT）的使用，它可以为土壤和冰层绘图以及斜坡和块体破坏的评估提供关键数据，以及使用自由落体贯入仪（FFP）快速绘制海底表面状况。由于贯入仪的空间覆盖范围和可用原位点测量数量的限制，需要考虑与地球物理和遥感数据的数据融合。在近海和近海，声学测量与岩土工程测试的结合可以优化大规模海底特征描述，而陆上基于卫星和无人机的数据收集的最新发展为增强空间覆盖范围和收集测深和地形等信息提供了新的机会。重点是易于部署且坚固耐用的技术和策略，可以提供短期机会来填补当前数据可用性方面的空白。本综述表明，岩土原位测试的数据融合，使用 CPT 提供较深深度甚至有冰的土壤信息，并使用 FFP 对表面沉积物（即上层数十厘米至数米的沉积物深度）进行快速、大覆盖范围的岩土测试，结合声学海底测量和新兴遥感工具，有可能提供必要的数据来改进北极海岸侵蚀的预测，特别是在气候驱动的土壤条件变化的情况下使用历史侵蚀观测结果来预测未来可能会产生偏差。
Geotechnical data are increasingly utilized to aid investigations of coastal erosion and the development of coastal morphological models; however, measurement techniques are still challenged by environmental conditions and accessibility in coastal areas, and particularly, by nearshore conditions. These challenges are exacerbated for Arctic coastal environments. This article reviews existing and emerging data collection methods in the context of geotechnical investigations of Arctic coastal erosion and nearshore change. Specifically, the use of cone penetration testing (CPT), which can provide key data for the mapping of soil and ice layers as well as for the assessment of slope and block failures, and the use of free-fall penetrometers (FFPs) for rapid mapping of seabed surface conditions, are discussed. Because of limitations in the spatial coverage and number of available in situ point measurements by penetrometers, data fusion with geophysical and remotely sensed data is considered. Offshore and nearshore, the combination of acoustic surveying with geotechnical testing can optimize large-scale seabed characterization, while onshore most recent developments in satellite-based and unmanned-aerial-vehicle-based data collection offer new opportunities to enhance spatial coverage and collect information on bathymetry and topography, amongst others. Emphasis is given to easily deployable and rugged techniques and strategies that can offer near-term opportunities to fill current gaps in data availability. This review suggests that data fusion of geotechnical in situ testing, using CPT to provide soil information at deeper depths and even in the presence of ice and using FFPs to offer rapid and large-coverage geotechnical testing of surface sediments (i.e., in the upper tens of centimeters to meters of sediment depth), combined with acoustic seabed surveying and emerging remote sensing tools, has the potential to provide essential data to improve the prediction of Arctic coastal erosion, particularly where climate-driven changes in soil conditions may bias the use of historic observations of erosion for future prediction.