Developing building-damage scales for lahars: application to Merapi volcano, Indonesia
Developing building-damage scales for lahars: application to Merapi volcano, Indonesia
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制定火山泥流的建筑损坏量表：应用于印度尼西亚默拉皮火山
DOI：
10.1007/s00445-015-0961-8
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Jenkins S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jenkins S
拉哈尔火山对建筑物的损害包括沉积物掩埋和/或墙壁破坏、渗入建筑物以及随后对内容物的损害。建筑物受损的程度将取决于拉哈尔的动态特征，即速度、深度、沉积物浓度和粒度，以及有关建筑物的结构特征和环境。本文的重点是量化建筑物如何应对拉哈尔的影响。我们认为拉哈尔破坏印尼默拉皮火山的建筑物的可能性，作为2010年大（VEI 4）喷发期间产生的大量存款的结果。已经制定了一个建筑物损坏等级，对可能的拉哈尔损坏程度进行分类，并通过对预期建筑物抗冲击力的理论计算，得出冲击压力的大致范围。我们发现，默拉皮岛上大多数脆弱的砖石建筑将被速度相对较低的稀释火山泥流摧毁（约200米）。3 m/s）和压力（ca.然而，大多数较坚固的碎石建筑物预计可以承受更高的速度（6 m/s）和压力（20 kPa）。2011年1月9日，我们将这一初步的损害规模应用于Putih河中的一个大型拉哈尔，它淹没了默拉皮西南16公里处的Gempol村，并造成了广泛的建筑物损坏。通过使用公共卫星图像和实地研究，远程应用该比例尺，对损坏进行分类，并估计村庄内的撞击压力和速度。结果进行了比较，独立计算曼宁的流速和深度内Gempol村使用的流速估计在一个上游站点作为输入的计算。计算结果与走时观测得到的平均通道速度吻合较好。计算出的整个受损建筑物面积的流速分布与新的损坏等级分类的建筑物损坏是一致的。互补的结果，即使给出的工具和数据的基本性质，表明损坏规模提供了一个有效的表示的故障模式，是一致的流量条件的估计。使用开放源码的简化工具和数据来产生这些一致的结果是非常有希望的。
Lahar damage to buildings can include burial by sediment and/or failure of walls, infiltration into the building and subsequent damage to contents. The extent to which a building is damaged will be dictated by the dynamic characteristics of the lahar, i.e. the velocity, depth, sediment concentration and grain size, as well as the structural characteristics and setting of the building in question. The focus of this paper is on quantifying how buildings may respond to impact by lahar. We consider the potential for lahar damage to buildings on Merapi volcano, Indonesia, as a result of the voluminous deposits produced during the large (VEI 4) eruption in 2010. A building-damage scale has been developed that categorises likely lahar damage levels and, through theoretical calculations of expected building resistance to impact, approximate ranges of impact pressures. We found that most weak masonry buildings on Merapi would be destroyed by dilute lahars with relatively low velocities (ca. 3 m/s) and pressures (ca. 5 kPa); however, the majority of stronger rubble stone buildings may be expected to withstand higher velocities (to 6 m/s) and pressures (to 20 kPa). We applied this preliminary damage scale to a large lahar in the Putih River on 9 January 2011, which inundated and caused extensive building damage in the village of Gempol, 16 km southwest of Merapi. The scale was applied remotely through the use of public satellite images and through field studies to categorise damage and estimate impact pressures and velocities within the village. Results were compared with those calculated independently from Manning’s calculations for flow velocity and depth within Gempol village using an estimate of flow velocity at one upstream site as input. The results of this calculation showed reasonable agreement with an average channel velocity derived from travel time observations. The calculated distribution of flow velocities across the area of damaged buildings was consistent with building damage as classified by the new damage scale. The complementary results, even given the basic nature of the tools and data, suggest that the damage scale provides a valid representation of the failure mode that is consistent with estimates of the flow conditions. The use of open-source simplified tools and data in producing these consistent findings is very promising.
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发表时间：
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