NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN HEALTHY ADULT HUMANS ACROSS THE AGE RANGE
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN HEALTHY ADULT HUMANS ACROSS THE AGE RANGE
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DOI：
10.1016/0197-4580(93)90049-h
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发表时间：
1993-11-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
ALBERT, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
ALBERT, M
我将总结一些我们认为与年龄有关的人类认知能力变化的发现，并将特别关注记忆和执行功能，并将它们与老年猴子的已知情况进行比较。我所描述的大部分内容都来自国家老龄化研究所资助的项目。这项研究的目的是测量30至85岁受试者的各种认知能力，在两个时间点进行评估，并对这些人的大脑结构和大脑功能进行各种测量。我们最初进行了计算机断层扫描（CT）和脑电图（EEG），随后增加了磁共振成像（MRI）。这些研究是非常劳动密集型和跨学科的。每十年大约有200人被纳入，其中20名男性和20名女性受试者。我们只纳入了我们认为最健康的受试者。我们排除了患有任何可识别的临床疾病的个体，例如高血压、冠状动脉疾病、肾脏疾病等，因为我们的主要目标是确定受试者中与年龄相关的变化，而不是与疾病相关的变化。根据我们的定义，你可以认为这些人是成功的老龄化，在这个意义上，他们运作良好;他们都非常活跃的社区。这使他们与一般老年人不同，因为随着年龄的增长，疾病更常见。因此，我们的数据代表了成功老龄化的人口。我们对这些受试者进行的认知测试范围很广，但我主要关注记忆和所谓的执行功能任务。我们检查了语言和非语言的顺行记忆，我们进行了各种测试-其中许多被认为是神经心理学的标准。我们没有发现与年龄相关的感官或初级记忆的显著变化，即立即学习和保留少量信息的能力。我们发现所谓的次级记忆发生了实质性的变化，即当一个人被给予大量信息并被期望在很长一段时间内保留这些信息时。让我们感到非常惊讶的是这些重大变化开始的年龄。我们发现，当人们在50多岁时，在最困难的记忆任务中，他们在不止一项任务上发生了显著变化，这些任务中有大量的信息，受试者必须在很长一段时间内记住。使用韦克斯勒记忆量表，我们要求人们回忆两个长故事;要求立即回忆，然后在很长一段时间后再次回忆。我们还用数字符号替换测验测试了被试的偶然回忆。在这项测试中，受试者
I will summarize some of the findings that we have recognized as age-related changes in cognitive abilities in humans and will focus particularly on memory and executive function and compare them to what is known about aged monkeys. Much of what I describe derives from the program project funded by the National Institute on Aging. The goal of this study was to measure a variety of cognitive abilities in subjects aged 30 to 85 years, evaluated at two points in time and to make a variety of measures of brain structure and brain function in those same individuals. We initially did computerized tomography (CT) scans and electroencephalography (EEGs) and subsequently added magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs). These studies are extremely labor intensive and interdisciplinary.Approximately 200 individuals were included with 20 male and 20 female subjects per decade. We included only subjects whom we considered to be optimally healthy. We excluded individuals with any identifiable clinical disease, eg, hypertension, coronary artery disease, kidney disease, etc., because our primary goal was to identify age-related changes and not disease-related changes in the subjects. By our definition, you might consider these individuals to be successfully aging, in the sense that they were functioning well; they were all extremely active in the community. This differentiates them from the average older person, because diseases are more common as people age. Thus, our data represent the successfully aging population. The cognitive tests that we administered to these subjects ranged very widely, but I focus primarily on memory and so-called executive function tasks. We examined anterograde memory, both verbal and nonverbal, and we administered a variety of tests--many of which would be considered standard in neuropsychology. We did not find significant age-related changes in sensory or primary memory, ie, the ability to immediately learn and retain small amounts of information. We found substantial changes in so-called secondary memory, ie, when an individual is given large amounts of information and is expected to retain it over a lengthy delay. What surprised us greatly was the age at which these significant changes began. We found significant changes on more than one task by the time people were in their fifties on the most difficult memory tasks, where there were large amounts of information that subjects had to retain over a very lengthy delay. Using the Wechsler memory scale, we asked people to recall two long stories; recall was required immediately and then again after a very long delay. We also tested the subjects' incidental recall with the digit symbol substitution test. In this test, subjects