The role of extracellular vesicles in the physiological and pathological regulation of the blood-brain barrier.
The role of extracellular vesicles in the physiological and pathological regulation of the blood-brain barrier.
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DOI：
10.1096/fba.2021-00045
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发表时间：
2021-09
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Moses MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Busatto S;Morad G;Guo P;Moses MA
细胞外囊泡（EV）是由大多数细胞类型分泌的生物纳米颗粒的亚类。一旦分泌，EV可以长途跋涉将其内容物传递到靶细胞，从而在细胞间通信中发挥关键作用，并支持生理和病理过程。近年来，电动汽车的功能多功能性得到了更广泛的认可。它们的异质结构包围了溶解的生物活性货物，包括蛋白质和核酸。EV反映了分泌细胞的组成，因此代表了诊断和预后生物标志物的新来源。此外，由于其独特的结构，EV也构成了一类有前途的生物相容性纳米载体用于药物递送。重要的是，并且引起人们越来越多的兴趣的是，EV具有突破生物屏障的内在能力，包括复杂的血脑屏障（BBB），其限制性的性质代表了一个重大的治疗挑战。EV已被证明有助于多种脑部疾病的进展，包括转移性脑癌、神经退行性疾病和急性病理学，包括感染和缺血。在这篇综述中，在正常的生理和病理条件下的BBB的维持和调节的EV的作用进行了讨论。EV作为治疗和诊断工具在治疗影响中枢神经系统的疾病中的应用是阻碍其广泛转化的限制和解决它们的潜在解决方案。
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a subclass of biological nanoparticles secreted by most cell types. Once secreted, EVs can travel long distances to deliver their content to target cells thereby playing a key role in cell‐to‐cell communication and supporting both physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, the functional versatility of EVs has come to be more widely appreciated. Their heterogeneous structure encloses solubilized bioactive cargoes including proteins and nucleic acids. EVs mirror the secreting cell in composition therefore representing a novel source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, due to their unique structure, EVs constitute a promising class of biocompatible nanovehicles for drug delivery as well. Importantly, and of burgeoning interest, is the fact that EVs have the intrinsic ability to breach biological barriers including the complex blood–brain barrier (BBB), whose restrictive nature represents a significant therapeutic challenge. EVs have been shown to contribute to the progression of a variety of brain diseases including metastatic brain cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute pathologies including infections and ischemia. In this review, the role of EVs in the maintenance and regulation of the BBB under normal physiological and pathologic conditions are discussed. Applications of EVs as therapeutic and diagnostic tools in the treatment of diseases that affect the central nervous system are presented as are limitations hindering their broad translation and potential solutions to resolve them.