Nitrocellulose Membranes for Lateral Flow Immunoassays: A Technical Treatise
Nitrocellulose Membranes for Lateral Flow Immunoassays: A Technical Treatise
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-59745-240-3_6
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Mansfield, Michael A.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Mansfield, Michael A.
目前市场上的侧向流测试有多种配置。在最简单的形式中，测试条包括安装在粘性背衬上并覆盖有胶带的几种多孔材料。在更复杂的设计中，条带被放置在塑料外壳中。外壳用于暴露样品垫，保持材料的正确对齐，并指示测试和对照线的位置。虽然在制造过程中通常使用粘性背衬来安装多孔材料，但是根据壳体的内部设计，可以减少或消除用于覆盖材料的胶带。在最复杂的设计中，外壳被设计成将材料保持在期望的对准中。外壳、材料和制造过程被集成，使得对准不需要粘合剂材料。此外，干燥剂片剂通常放置在壳体内部。最近推出的一种妊娠测试甚至包括机载电子设备，它可以在视觉显示器上显示“怀孕”字样，而不需要用户寻找阳性测试线。无论试纸的复杂性如何，硝酸纤维素膜都是所有侧流免疫分析测试的共同点。出于几个原因，一般认为硝酸纤维素膜是侧流试验中最关键的部分[1-3]。首先，它是关键免疫复合物形成的表面。其次，它是通过视觉或电子方式检测信号的表面。第三，从历史上看，它一直是最难制造的材料。虽然膜对于免疫复合物的形成至关重要，但试纸的整体功能取决于所有材料、化学成分、设计元素和制造工艺。
Lateral flow tests on the market today come in a variety of configurations. In simplest form, the test strip comprises several porous materials mounted on an adhesive backing and covered with an adhesive tape. In more complex designs, the strips are placed into plastic housings. The housing is used to expose the sample pad, maintain proper alignment of the materials, and indicate positions of the test and control lines. While an adhesive backing is normally used for mounting of the porous materials during the manufacturing process, the tape used to cover the materials may be reduced or eliminated depending on the internal design of the housing. In the most complex designs, the housing is designed to hold the materials in the desired alignment. The housing, the materials, and the manufacturing process are integrated so that alignment does not require adhesive materials. Also, a desiccant tablet is often placed inside the housing. A recently introduced pregnancy test even includes on-board electronics that produce the word ‘‘pregnant’’on a visual display instead of requiring the user to look for a positive test line.Regardless of the complexity of the test strip, nitrocellulose membranes are common to all lateral flow immunoassay tests. For several reasons, the general perception is that the nitrocellulose membrane is the most critical part of a lateral flow test [1–3]. First, it is the surface upon which the critical immunocomplexes form. Second, it is the surface from which the signal is detected, either visually or electronically. Third, historically, it has been the most difficult material to manufacture consistently. While it is true that the membrane is critical for the formation of the immunocomplexes, overall functionality of the test strip depends on all of the materials, chemistries, design elements, and manufacturing processes.