ICRP, 123. Assessment of radiation exposure of astronauts in space. ICRP Publication 123.
ICRP, 123. Assessment of radiation exposure of astronauts in space. ICRP Publication 123.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.icrp.2013.05.004
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发表时间：
2013-08-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sato, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Dietze, G;Bartlett, D T;Sato, T
宇航员在空间从事职业活动期间，会受到来自该环境中天然辐射源的电离辐射的影响。然而，它们通常不被归类为辐射防护委员会在地球上适用的工人辐射防护一般制度意义上的职业照射。本报告所述的接触评估和与风险有关的方法显然仅限于空间的特殊情况，不应适用于地球上的任何其他接触情况。该报告介绍了用于评估宇航员受辐射情况的术语和方法，并提供了评估器官剂量的数据。第一章介绍了宇航员在太空中的具体情况，以及与地球上辐射场的差异。第二章详细介绍了空间辐射场，包括银河宇宙辐射、太阳辐射及其特殊的太阳粒子事件，以及环绕地球的辐射带。第3章涉及辐射防护中使用的量，描述了第103号出版物（ICRP，2007年）剂量量系统，随后介绍了空间应用的特殊方法;由于重离子在辐射场中的重要作用，辐射加权基于辐射品质因子Q，而不是辐射加权因子wR。第四章介绍了空间注量和剂量测量的方法，包括注量测量仪器、辐射光谱测量、区域和个人监测。还描述了生物标志物用于评估使命剂量的用途。第五章给出了确定描述航天器内辐射场的量的方法。辐射输运计算是最重要的工具。介绍了辐射输运程序中使用的一些物理数据，并介绍了用于计算空间高能辐射场的各种程序。给出了航天器辐射场的计算和测量结果。还提供了屏蔽可能性的一些数据。第6章讨论了确定人体器官和组织中平均吸收剂量和剂量当量的方法。给出了Z=28以下、能量从10 MeV/u到100 GeV/u的重离子在器官或组织中的注量到平均吸收剂量的转换系数。对于同一组离子和离子能量，器官和组织中的平均品质因子一方面使用出版物60（ICRP，1991）中定义的Q（L）函数，另一方面使用美国国家航空航天局提出的Q函数。通过测量获得的体内剂量与计算结果进行了比较，还介绍了用于评估使命剂量的生物剂量测量。第7章考虑了评估航天员在空间飞行任务期间所受照射的操作措施。这包括飞行前的使命设计、空间飞行期间的区域和个人监测以及剂量记录。剂量评估的不确定性的大小的重要性被认为是。附录A给出了质子、带电π介子、中子、α粒子和重离子（2 < Z ≤2 8）的转换系数和平均品质因数，以及粒子能量高达100 GeV/u的情况。
During their occupational activities in space, astronauts are exposed to ionising radiation from natural radiation sources present in this environment. They are, however, not usually classified as being occupationally exposed in the sense of the general ICRP system for radiation protection of workers applied on Earth. The exposure assessment and risk-related approach described in this report is clearly restricted to the special situation in space, and should not be applied to any other exposure situation on Earth. The report describes the terms and methods used to assess the radiation exposure of astronauts, and provides data for the assessment of organ doses. Chapter 1 describes the specific situation of astronauts in space, and the differences in the radiation fields compared with those on Earth. In Chapter 2, the radiation fields in space are described in detail, including galactic cosmic radiation, radiation from the Sun and its special solar particle events, and the radiation belts surrounding the Earth. Chapter 3 deals with the quantities used in radiological protection, describing the Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007) system of dose quantities, and subsequently presenting the special approach for applications in space; due to the strong contribution of heavy ions in the radiation field, radiation weighting is based on the radiation quality factor, Q, instead of the radiation weighting factor, wR. In Chapter 4, the methods of fluence and dose measurement in space are described, including instrumentation for fluence measurements, radiation spectrometry, and area and individual monitoring. The use of biomarkers for the assessment of mission doses is also described. The methods of determining quantities describing the radiation fields within a spacecraft are given in Chapter 5. Radiation transport calculations are the most important tool. Some physical data used in radiation transport codes are presented, and the various codes used for calculations in high-energy radiation fields in space are described. Results of calculations and measurements of radiation fields in spacecraft are given. Some data for shielding possibilities are also presented. Chapter 6 addresses methods of determining mean absorbed doses and dose equivalents in organs and tissues of the human body. Calculated conversion coefficients of fluence to mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue are given for heavy ions up to Z=28 for energies from 10 MeV/u to 100 GeV/u. For the same set of ions and ion energies, mean quality factors in organs and tissues are presented using, on the one hand, the Q(L) function defined in Publication 60 (ICRP, 1991), and, on the other hand, a Q function proposed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Doses in the body obtained by measurements are compared with results from calculations, and biodosimetric measurements for the assessment of mission doses are also presented. In Chapter 7, operational measures are considered for assessment of the exposure of astronauts during space missions. This includes preflight mission design, area and individual monitoring during flights in space, and dose recording. The importance of the magnitude of uncertainties in dose assessment is considered. Annex A shows conversion coefficients and mean quality factors for protons, charged pions, neutrons, alpha particles, and heavy ions(2 < Z ≤2 8), and particle energies up to 100 GeV/u.