TRIBALISM IN THE FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE
TRIBALISM IN THE FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE
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大戟科的部落主义
DOI：
10.1002/j.1537-2197.1969.tb09722.x
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发表时间：
1969
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Hutchinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Hutchinson
法国的亨利·贝永（Henri Baillon）、瑞士阿尔高州的让·穆勒（Jean Muller）、英国的乔治·边沁（George Bentham）和德国的费迪南德·帕克斯（Ferdinand Pax）都曾对大戟科这个庞大的科的部落安排做过简短的历史介绍。推测遵循该组的祖先，被认为是多系的，可能来自更原始的具有下位花的目的，如Tiliales和Malvales，Celastrales和Rhamnales，所有这些都是基本上木质的，就像大多数大戟科一样。被认为是古老的字符是花瓣的存在，缺乏一个磁盘，在雄花中保留一个退化的子房，众多的雄蕊和萼片的叠瓦状。部落的顺序是以这些假设为基础的，最后是最高级的，如Hureae，Dalechampieae，Pereae，Ricineae，Crotoneae，Joannesieae，最后是最高级的Euphorbieae。提供了族及其描述的二分法检索表，通常只列出主要属和近似的物种数（括号内）。一个更详细的帐户将发表在作者的第三卷的属开花植物。其中20个部落由代表性属的作者绘制。1878年，乔治·边沁（George Bentham）在伦敦林奈学会（Linnean Society）宣读了一篇名为《大戟科笔记》（Notes on Euphorbiaceae）的论文，其中作了如下陈述：“的确，有两个人，在科学上都有很高的地位，他们掌握着相对充足的材料，最近彼此独立地非常小心和注意地研究了这个命令，我很乐意跟随他们中的任何一个，但这两种观点经常得出截然相反的结论，我不得不在错综复杂的族、亚族、属、区或模糊的亲缘关系中走自己的路。“这两位植物学家是巴黎的亨利·巴永和瑞士阿尔高的让·姆维勒，后者当时负责德·康多尔在日内瓦的植物标本馆。边沁在讨论了这两位植物学家的不同结果之后，继续说：“至于我自己，在准备我们的《植物属》的安排时，我努力遵循我的一位或另一位前辈的领导，或者当他们似乎不太反对自然亲缘关系时，我也努力遵循他们的领导;但我认为不应把任何事情视为理所当然，而应亲自研究每一个属、每一部分或每一个明显异常的物种，尽我所能，把绝对性格与其他自然血缘关系的证据调和起来。由于篇幅有限，我只需要引用边沁对Baillon的贡献的判断：“这是他1969年2月5日收到的出版物。2现住址：英国特威克纳姆圣玛格丽特4坎伯兰克洛斯。I J. Linn。Soc. Bot. 17：185-267（1878）. 1858年以《Euphorbiacees》为题出版。“这项工作显示了大量的仔细研究和准确的观察;但它的实际效用因缺乏方法而受到很大影响。除了12个系（其中没有给出任何特征）之外，它没有明确的族，也没有任何分类，也没有对属的概要或简短的诊断，以避免在你能够充分确定一种植物以进行研究之前，每次都需要连续阅读大量的详细描述。另一方面，说明每个属的一些最重要的特征的盘子是最有用的，分析非常准确和精心设计，数字的执行都是可以期望的。后来，巴永在他的《植物史》（1874）第五卷中对这个家族作了更通俗的描述，并配以M.我在本文所附的附图中使用了他的一些解剖。在这项工作中，Baillon只承认了150个属，包括Daphniphyllum（Daphniphyllaceae），Callitriche（Callitrichaceae）和Dichapetalaceae。在他著名的《Prodromus 4》中，德·康多尔幸运地得到了埃德蒙·布瓦西耶（Edmond Boissier）的服务，他的研究对象是大戟亚目。布瓦西耶把这群人分为两个部落，我。Euphorbieae，雄花没有花萼（“calyculus”），和II。Anthostemeae，雄花具离生花萼。其余的家庭是由让穆勒的阿尔高，瑞士（通常缩写为Muell。阿古4 de Candolle，Prodromus 15，2：1（1862）.
A short history of the tribal arrangement in the vast family Euphorbiaceae has been given by Henri Baillon in France, Jean Muller of Argau in Switzerland, George Bentham in England, and Ferdinand Pax in Germany. Speculation follows on the ancestors of the group, considered to be polyphyletic and probably derived from more primitive orders with hypogynous flowers, such as Tiliales and Malvales, Celastrales, and Rhamnales, all of which are fundamentally woody, as are most of the Euphorbiaceae. Considered to be ancient characters are the presence of petals, the lack of a disk, the retention of a vestigial ovary in the male flowers, numerous stamens, and the imbrication of the sepals. The sequence of the tribes is based on these assumptions, culminating in the most advanced, such as HUREAE, DALECHAMPIEAE, PEREAE, RIcINEAE, CROTONEAE, JOANNESIEAE, ending with the most advanced of all, the EUPHORBIEAE. A dichotomous key to the tribes and their descriptions is provided, usually listing only the principal genera with the approximate number of species (in parentheses). A more detailed account will be published in the author's third volume of The Genera of Flowering Plants. Twenty of the tribes are illustrated by drawings by the author of representative genera. IN A MASTERLY ESSAY entitled "Notes on Euphorbiaceae" read before the Linnean Society of London in 1878,3 George Bentham made the following statement: "Two men, indeed, both of high standing in the science, and with comparatively ample materials at their command, have recently worked up the order with great care and attention independently of each other, and I would readily have followed the lead of either of them, but that the two have so frequently come to conclusions diametrically opposed to each other, that I have been compelled to steer a course of my own through a labyrinth of tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, or vaguely indicated affinities." The two botanists were Henri Baillon in Paris and Jean MViller of Argau in Switzerland, the latter at the time in charge of de Candolle's herbarium in Geneva. After discussing the different results of these two botanists, Bentham continued: "As for myself, in preparing the arrangement for our Genera Plantarum, I have endeavoured to follow the lead of one or other of my predecessors, or of both when they appeared to be not too much opposed to natural affinities; but I have thought it right to take nothing for granted, and to examine for myself every genus, section, or apparently aberrant species of which specimens were available, reconciling as far as was in my power absolute characters with other evidence of natural consanguinity." As space is limited, I need only quote Bentham's judgment of Baillon's contribution: "This he I Received for publication 5 February 1969. 2 Present address: 4 Cumberland Close, St. Margaret's, Twickenham, England. I J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: 185-267 (1878). published in 1858 under the title of 'Etude generale du groupe des Euphorbiacees.' This work showed a great deal of careful research and accurate observation; but its practical utility was much marred by a want of method. It contains no well-defined tribes, nor, indeed, any divisions, except twelve series (of which no characters are given), and no conspectus or short diagnoses of the genera to save the need of successively reading through on every occasion a number of detailed descriptions before you could determine a plant sufficiently to study it .... On the other hand, the plates illustrating some of the most important characters of each genus are most useful, the analysis very accurate and well designed, the execution of the figures all that could be desired." Later Baillon gave a more popular account of the family in the fifth volume of his Histoire des Plantes (1874), with magnificent illustrations by M. Faguet, a few of whose dissections I have used in the drawings accompanying this paper. In this work Baillon recognized only 150 genera, including Daphniphyllum (Daphniphyllaceae), Callitriche (Callitrichaceae), and Dichapetalaceae. In his famous Prodromus4 de Candolle was fortunate to obtain the services of Edmond Boissier for the suborder Euphorbieae. Boissier divided this group into two tribes, I. EUPHORBIEAE, the male flowers without a calyx ("calyculus"), and II. ANTHOSTEMEAE, the male flowers with a distinct calyx. The remainder of the family was contributed by Jean Muiller of Argau, Switzerland (usually abbreviated to Muell.-Arg. to distinguish him from 4 de Candolle, Prodromus 15, 2: 1 (1862).