Dissociable Components of Experience-Driven Attention
Dissociable Components of Experience-Driven Attention
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.030
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发表时间：
2019-03-04
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Anderson, Brian A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kim, Haena;Anderson, Brian A.
我们关注的内容受到当前任务目标（目标导向的注意力）[1, 2]、刺激的物理显着性（刺激驱动的注意力）[3-5]和选择历史[6-12]的影响。第三种结构包含奖励学习、厌恶性条件反射和重复定向行为[12-18]，通常被描述为一种统一的控制机制，可以与其他两种结构形成对比[12-14]。在这里，我们提出的证据表明，两种不同的学习过程是选择历史对注意力影响的基础，对定向行为产生了分离的后果。人类观察者执行一项反眼跳任务，在该任务中，他们将目光转向两个颜色定义目标之一的相反方向，从而获得报酬。引人注目的是，这种训练会导致观察者做出与他们被激励和付费做的事情相反的偏见，联想学习促进了奖励线索的导向。另一方面，重复的远离目标的定向会产生重复这种行为的偏见，即使它与当前目标相冲突，这反映了定向反应的工具调节。我们的研究结果挑战了选择历史反映了学习依赖优先级的共同机制的观点，而是提出了学习历史塑造定向行为的多种不同途径。我们还为基于价值的注意力是以方法为导向的观点提供了直接证据，这限制了利用激励结构的注意力偏差修正技术的有效性。
What we pay attention to is influenced by current task goals (goal-directed attention) [1, 2], the physical salience of stimuli (stimulus-driven attention) [3-5], and selection history [6-12]. This third construct, which encompasses reward learning, aversive conditioning, and repetitive orienting behavior [12-18], is often characterized as a unitary mechanism of control that can be contrasted with the other two [12-14]. Here, we present evidence that two different learning processes underlie the influence of selection history on attention, with dissociable consequences for orienting behavior. Human observers performed an antisaccade task in which they were paid for shifting their gaze in the direction opposite one of two color-defined targets. Strikingly, such training resulted in a bias to do the opposite of what observers were motivated and paid to do, with associative learning facilitating orienting toward reward cues. On the other hand, repetitive orienting away from a target produced a bias to repeat this behavior even when it conflicted with current goals, reflecting instrumental conditioning of the orienting response. Our findings challenge the idea that selection history reflects a common mechanism of learning-dependent priority and instead suggest multiple distinct routes by which learning history shapes orienting behavior. We also provide direct evidence for the idea that value-based attention is approach oriented, which limits the effectiveness of attentional bias modification techniques that utilize incentive structures.