Child-care usage and mother-infant quality time
Child-care usage and mother-infant quality time
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育儿使用与母婴优质时光
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Margaret T. Owen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Booth;K. Clarke;D. Vandell;K. Mccartney;Margaret T. Owen
比较了婴儿从出生到6个月大每周照顾孩子超过30小时的家庭(保育组；n=143)和每周0小时的家庭(居家组；n=183)的母亲的时间使用模式。护理小组的母亲每周与婴儿互动的时间减少了约12个小时，减少了约32%；这些婴儿的父亲更多地参与了照顾。这两组人在母婴互动的质量上没有差异。在住院组中，互动的数量与更大的分离焦虑和对母亲就业影响的担忧有关。时间使用数据与15个月大的孩子的结果无关。结果表明，长时间分开对母婴互动的数量和质量的影响可能比预期的要小。关键词：育儿、母婴互动、时间利用。在美国，有年幼子女的妇女劳动力参与率的急剧增加导致了对早期和广泛的非产妇儿童保育的使用的增加，通常从生命的早期几个月开始(Hofferth，Brayfield，Deich，&Holcomb，1991)。越来越多地在婴儿期广泛使用托儿服务，这引发了关于托儿服务对儿童发展和母子关系的影响的科学辩论(见Lamb，1998)。主要关切之一是，过早进入托儿所可能会对母婴发展同步关系的能力产生负面影响。也就是说，长时间的分开可能会给母亲提供足够的时间来了解她婴儿的暗示和生物节律(Braelton，1986)，而她对这些暗示的适当和敏感的反应对于促进婴儿的最佳发育至关重要(见Kelly&Barnard，2000)。一个特别值得关注的领域是婴儿对母亲的依恋安全感。根据依恋理论，母婴的敏感性和责任感的程度构成了婴儿对她的安全(或不安全)依恋发展的基础(见De Wolff&van Ijzendorn，1997)。反过来，这种依恋的安全性是重要的，因为它预测儿童随后的同伴关系、影响调节、自尊、自我复原力和行为问题(见Thompson，1998)。因此，在一定程度上，当母亲和婴儿长时间分开时，母亲的敏感性和响应性会降低，那么我们预计不安全依恋和其他不太理想的结果的风险会增加。婴儿对他们的父亲和其他照顾者也形成了重要和独立的依恋。然而，婴儿-母亲依恋和婴儿-父亲依恋对儿童结局的相对影响的比较表明，婴儿-母亲关系是一个更强的预测因子(Thompson，1998)。这些结果，再加上对母亲工作时间大幅增加对儿童影响的担忧，导致人们关注儿童保育和就业文献中早期的母子关系，而不是父子关系。在儿童保育文献中，几项关于早期婴儿期的研究支持了儿童保育量与母婴互动质量之间存在负相关的假设，但大多数研究人员并非如此(参见国家儿童健康和人类发展研究所早期儿童保育研究网络[NICHD ECCRN]，1999年的综述)。NICHD早期儿童保育研究的分析在这方面特别相关，因为本报告使用了这些数据的一部分。对主要数据集的纵向分析表明，每周照顾儿童的时间越长，在生命的头3年，母亲的敏感度和儿童对母子互动的参与度就会有所降低(NICHD ECCRN，1999)。然而，母子互动质量的这一相对较小的下降似乎对婴儿对母亲的依恋安全感没有影响，除非母亲是高度不敏感的(NICHD ECCRN，1997)。…
Mothers' time-use patterns were compared in families in which infants spent more than 30 hours per week in child care (In-Care group; n = 143) versus 0 hours per week (At-Home group; n = 183) from birth to 6 months of age. In-Care group mothers spent about 12 fewer hours per week interacting with their infants, for about 32% less time; fathers of these infants were more involved in caregiving. The groups did not differ in the quality of mother-infant interaction. In the In-Care group, quantity of in teraction was related to greater separation anxiety and concerns about effects of maternal employment. Time-use data were not related to child outcomes at 15 months of age. Results suggest that the effect of extensive time spent apart on the quantity and quality of mother-infant interaction may be smaller than anticipated. Key Words: child care, mother-infant interaction, time use. Dramatic increases in the labor force participation of women with young children in the United States have led to a concomitant increase in the use of early and extensive nonmaternal child care, usually beginning in the early months of life (Hofferth, Brayfield, Deich, & Holcomb, 1991). The increasing use of extensive child care in early infancy has generated scientific debate about the effects of child care on children's development and the mother-child relationship (see Lamb, 1998). One of the chief concerns is that early entry into child care may have a negative impact on the ability of the mother and infant to develop a synchronous relationship. That is, long hours spent apart may provide insufficient time for the mother to learn about her infant's cues and biological rhythms (Brazelton, 1986), and her appropriate and sensitive responses to these cues are vital for fostering the infant's optimal development (see Kelly & Barnard, 2000). A particular area of concern is the infant's attachment security to the mother. According to attachment theory, the degree of mother-infant sensitivity and responsivity forms the basis for the development of the infant's secure (or insecure) attachment to her (see De Wolff & van Ijzendoorn, 1997). The security of this attachment, in turn, is important because it predicts children's subsequent peer relations, affect regulation, selfesteem, ego resiliency, and behavior problems (see Thompson, 1998). Thus, to the extent that maternal sensitivity and responsivity decrease when the mother and infant spend long hours apart, then we would expect an increase in the risk of insecure attachment and other less optimal outcomes. Infants form important and independent attachments to their fathers and other caregivers as well. However, a comparison of the relative influence of infant-mother and infant-father attachment on child outcomes has indicated that the infant-mother relationship is a stronger predictor (Thompson, 1998). These results, coupled with concerns about the effects on children of large increases in maternal employment hours, have led to a focus on the early mother-child, rather than father-child, relationship within the child-care and employment literature. Within the child-care literature, several studies focusing on early infancy have supported the hypothesis of a negative association between the amount of child care and the quality of motherinfant interaction, but the majority of researchers have not (see National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network [NICHD ECCRN], 1999, for a review). Analyses from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care are especially relevant in this regard, because a subset of these data were used in the present report. Longitudinal analyses of the main data set indicated that greater hours per week in child care were related to somewhat less maternal sensitivity and child engagement in mother-child interaction in the first 3 years of life (NICHD ECCRN, 1999). However, this relatively small decrease in the quality of mother-child interaction did not appear to have an impact on the infants' attachment security to their mothers, except when mothers were highly insensitive (NICHD ECCRN, 1997). …