LandEx—A GeoWeb Tool for Query and Retrieval of Spatial Patterns in Land Cover Datasets
LandEx—A GeoWeb Tool for Query and Retrieval of Spatial Patterns in Land Cover Datasets
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DOI：
10.1109/jstars.2013.2260727
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
T. Stepinski;P. Netzel;J. Jasiewicz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Stepinski;P. Netzel;J. Jasiewicz
卫星通过遥感收集的大量数据是一种宝贵的资源，但缺乏机器搜索能力。特别是，大型土地覆盖数据集，如30米/单元NLCD 2006年覆盖整个美国，很少作为一个整体进行分析，由于缺乏工具以外的基本统计和SQL查询。因此，相对于其潜力，NLCD未得到充分利用。我们解决这个问题，通过引入LandEx的GeoWeb应用程序的真实的时间，基于内容的探索和挖掘大型数据集的土地覆盖模式。通过将在线计算机化地图的功能与模式识别算法的强大功能相结合，LandEx提供了一个易于使用的可视化搜索引擎，用于以全分辨率搜索NLCD的整个范围。用户选择感兴趣的模式（查询），并且该工具产生相似性图，该相似性图指示具有与查询中的相似的土地覆盖模式的位置的空间分布。基于模式的查询和检索解决了景观之间的结构相似性问题。该方法的核心是两个模式之间的相似性函数，这是基于2D土地覆盖类/块大小直方图和詹森-香农散度。搜索依赖于使用重叠滑动窗口方法的穷举评估。LandEx使用免费开源软件（FOSS）实现，并遵守开放地理空间联盟（OGC）标准。由于系统的高度优化，查询答案的等待时间只有几秒钟。详细描述了LandEx的方法和实施，并给出了其应用于不同领域（包括农业、林业和城市化）的示例。
The vast amount of data collected by satellites via remote sensing is a valuable resource, however, it lacks machine search capabilities. In particular, large land cover datasets, such as the 30-m/cell NLCD 2006 covering the entire conterminous United States, are rarely analyzed as a whole due to the lack of tools beyond the basic statistics and SQL queries. Consequently, the NLCD is underutilized relative to its potential. We address this issue by introducing LandEx-a GeoWeb application for real time, content-based exploration and mining of land cover patterns in large datasets. By combining the functionality of online computerized maps with the power of the pattern recognition algorithm, LandEx provides an easy to use visual search engine for the entire extent of the NLCD at its full resolution. The user selects a pattern of interest (a query) and the tool produces a similarity map indicating the spatial distribution of locations having patterns of land cover similar to that in the query. Pattern-based query and retrieval addresses the issue of structural similarity between landscapes. The core of the method is the similarity function between two patterns which is based on 2D land cover class/clump size histograms and the Jensen-Shannon divergence. The search relies on exhaustive evaluation using an overlapping sliding window approach. LandEx is implemented using Free Open Source Software (FOSS) software and adheres to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. The wait time for an answer to a query is only several seconds due to the high level of system optimization. The methodology and implementation of LandEx are described in detail and illustrative examples of its application to different domains, including agriculture, forestry, and urbanization are given.