BANNING GOATS COULD EXACERBATE DEFORESTATION OF THE ECUADORIAN DRY FOREST – HOW THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSERVATION PAYMENTS IS INFLUENCED BY PRODUCTIVE USE OPTIONS
BANNING GOATS COULD EXACERBATE DEFORESTATION OF THE ECUADORIAN DRY FOREST – HOW THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSERVATION PAYMENTS IS INFLUENCED BY PRODUCTIVE USE OPTIONS
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DOI：
10.3112/erdkunde.2016.01.04
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W.;Santiago Ochoa;L. M. Castro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
W.;Santiago Ochoa;L. M. Castro
由于厄瓜多尔南部的干旱森林不断被转变为牧场和农田，它们是全球最受威胁的生态系统之一。本研究探讨了如何控制该地区的森林砍伐，同时通过土地使用多样化和补偿支付来保障当地人民的生计。结果基于对厄瓜多尔南部莱普纳保护区附近163户家庭的访谈数据。结合现代金融理论和von th<s:1> nen的土地分配理论，优化了两种森林管理类型（禁止和允许放牧山羊）和三种作物（玉米、豆类和花生）的土地利用份额。计算了四种不同农场规模的土地使用组合，用农场规模分布的四分位数表示。我们发现，放牧山羊对于实现农场收入多样化和降低所有农场规模的财务风险都很重要。但是，在目前的财政系数下，森林面积仍将转为耕地。维持目前森林覆盖所需的补偿额是根据两种不同的情况计算出来的：1)禁止放牧山羊；2)允许森林使用，农民可以决定每种土地使用方案分配多少森林面积。为森林保护提供经济补偿（情景1）减少了森林砍伐，但仍将导致至少23%的现有森林转化为农田。允许在补偿方案中使用森林（情景2）将有助于保留目前96%的森林覆盖，其中29%的森林被留作保护用途。在这种情况下，每年的支付金额从4美元到89美元不等，最大的农场需要的支付金额最低。相比之下，如果补偿低于每年50美元，禁止山羊进入森林甚至有可能使整个森林面积变为农田。我们的结论是，将生产选择与有保障的补偿支付相结合，并制定支持土地利用多样化和森林资源可持续利用的政策，将是保护厄瓜多尔干旱森林的最有效方法。
Due to ongoing conversion of the dry forests of southern Ecuador to pasture and farmland, they are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. This study explored how to control deforestation in the region while securing the livelihoods of local people through land-use diversification and compensation payments. Results are based on interview data collected from 163 households near the Laipuna Reserve in southern Ecuador. Combining modern financial theory and von Thünen’s theory of land distribution, we optimized land-use shares of two types of forest management (banning and allowing goat grazing) and three crops (maize, beans and peanuts). Land-use portfolios were calculated for four different farm sizes, represented by the quartiles of the farm size distribution. We found that goat grazing was important for diversifying farm income and reducing financial risks for all farm sizes. However, forest area would still be converted to cropland under the current financial coefficients. The amount of compensation needed to maintain current forest cover was calculated for two different scenarios: 1) banning goat grazing and 2) allowing forest use where the farmer could decide how much forest area would be allocated to each land-use option. Offering financial compensation for forest preservation (Scenario 1) reduced deforestation but would still lead to a conversion of at least 23 % of current forests to croplands. Allowing forest use in a compensation scheme (Scenario 2) would help retain 96 % of the current forest cover, with 29 % of this forest being set aside for conservation. This scenario would suppose annual payments ranging from $4 to $89 ha-1, with the largest farms requiring the lowest payments. In contrast, banning goats from the forest would even risk losing the entire forest area to cropland, if compensation fell below $50 ha-1 yr-1. We conclude that coupling productive options with secure compensation payments and developing policies that support land-use diversification and sustainable use of forest resources, will be most effective in conserving the Ecuadorian dry forest.