GOLD AND GOVERNANCE: LEGAL INJUSTICES AND LOST OPPORTUNITIES IN TANZANIA
GOLD AND GOVERNANCE: LEGAL INJUSTICES AND LOST OPPORTUNITIES IN TANZANIA
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黄金与治理：坦桑尼亚的法律不公正和失去的机会
DOI：
10.1093/afraf/adr003
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Siri Lange
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Siri Lange
在世界银行的建议下，一些非洲国家希望经济增长和独立于捐助者，在过去15年里为外国投资者大规模采矿提供了机会。坦桑尼亚是“新”矿业国家之一，目前是非洲最大的黄金生产国之一，但投资者友好型合同导致政府从采矿业获得的收入极低，总额不到该国获得的发展援助的5%。为了应对普遍的不满，并承认受影响社区的困境，政府于2010年修订了1998年的《采矿法》。然而，如果目前的治理挑战得不到解决，改进后的法律的规定可能效果有限。这篇文章表明，旨在保护受影响人民权利的法律的规定没有得到遵守，运作不良的地方民主对于由地方当局“代表”的牧民尤其危险，地方当局往往由非牧民移民主导。对小农户的补偿要么不存在，要么太低--要么补偿金被委托分配的当局挪用。
Following advice from the World Bank, and hoping for economic growth and independence from donors, a number of African countries have opened up opportunities for large-scale mining by foreign investors over the last decade and a half. Tanzania, one of the ‘new’ mining countries, is now among the largest gold producers in Africa, but investor-friendly contracts have resulted in extremely low government revenues from mining, totalling less than 5 percent of what the country receives in development aid. In response to widespread discontent, and acknowledging the plight of affected communities, the government amended the 1998 Mining Act in 2010. However, improved legal provisions may have limited effect if the present governance challenges are not resolved. The article demonstrates that the legal provisions meant to protect the rights of affected people are not followed, and that poorly functioning local democracy is particularly dangerous for pastoralists who are ‘represented’ by local authorities often dominated by non-pastoralist immigrants. Compensation to smallholder farmers is either non-existent or too low – or the compensation money is embezzled by the authorities entrusted to distribute it.