Pyroclastic flows of the 1883 Krakatau eruption
Pyroclastic flows of the 1883 Krakatau eruption
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1883 年喀拉喀托火山喷发的火山碎屑流
DOI：
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Bronto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Sigurdsson;S. Carey;C. Mandeville;S. Bronto
1883年印度尼西亚喀拉喀托火山爆发产生的海底矿床的性质在世纪以来一直存在争议。然而，了解其性质对于了解在该事件期间产生的毁灭性海啸的起源至关重要，该事件夺去了约36 000人的生命。1990年的海洋地质调查结果表明，这些矿床主要是火山碎屑流成因。火山碎屑流是颗粒和气体的部分流化混合物，速度高达150 m/s，内部温度高达600°C。它们的密度比大气层大，但可能与海水的密度相当。当这样的水流沿着活火山的海岸沿着遇到大海时会发生什么一直是很多猜测的主题[Cas和Wright，1987年]，但很少有研究[Sparks等人，1980 a，1980 b]。一个众所周知的效应是海啸的产生[Kienle等人，事实上，20%的火山海啸都归因于火山碎屑流入海[Latter，1981]。其中最具破坏性的一次发生在1883年喀拉喀托火山爆发期间。
The nature of the submarine deposits produced by the 1883 Krakatau eruption in Indonesia has remained controversial for more than a century. Knowledge of their character, however, is critical to understanding the origin of the devastating tsunamis generated during the event, which claimed about 36,000 lives. Results of a 1990 marine geological investigation reported here demonstrate that the deposits are largely of pyroclastic flow origin. Pyroclastic flows are partially fluidized mixtures of particles and gases that travel up to 150 m/s and have internal temperatures as high as 600°C. They are denser than the atmosphere but are likely to be comparable to seawater in density. What happens when such a flow encounters the sea along the coast of an active volcano has been the subject of much speculation [Cas and Wright, 1987] but little research [Sparks et al., 1980a, 1980b]. One well-known effect is the generation of tsunamis [Kienle et al., 1987] and indeed, 20% of all volcanogenic tsunamis have been attributed to the entrance of pyroclastic flows into the sea [Latter, 1981]. The most devastating of these occurred during the 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano.