Attaining whole-ecosystem warming using air and deep-soil heating methods with an elevated CO2 atmosphere
Attaining whole-ecosystem warming using air and deep-soil heating methods with an elevated CO2 atmosphere
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DOI：
10.5194/bg-14-861-2017
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发表时间：
2017-02-24
期刊：
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Barbier, Charlotte
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hanson, Paul J.;Riggs, Jeffery S.;Barbier, Charlotte
本文描述了实现和测量适合高大、高碳、北方森林泥炭地规模的深层土壤加热（0-3 m）和整个生态系统变暖（WEW）的操作方法。这些方法的开发是为了让科学家能够提供一套合理的生态系统变暖情景，在这些情景中可以测量生物体（微生物对树木）和生态系统功能（碳、水和养分循环）的即时和长期（10年）反应。还纳入了升高的二氧化碳，以测试大气二氧化碳对碳循环过程的影响如何改变温度响应。 WEW 方法成功地在大型 115m(2) 开顶外壳中维持各种地上和地下温度处理（+0、+2.25、+4.5、+6.75 和 +9 摄氏度），并采用升高的 CO2 处理（+0 至 +500 ppm）。整个 10 个围栏研究中的空气变暖需要 WEW 总能量的 90%，范围从温暖季节的 64 283 兆焦耳 (MJ) d(-1) 到寒冷月份的 80 102 MJ d(-1)。在整个研究中，土壤变暖仅需要暖季和冷季分别使用 954 至 1782 MJ d(-1) 能量的 1.3% 至 1.9%。剩余能量被测量和通信系统消耗。持续的温度和升高的二氧化碳处理仅受到偶尔的强外部风的限制。本文将原位 WEW 方法与密切相关的使用地上（空气或红外加热）和地下加温方法的现场加温方法进行了对比。它还包括对在解释实验结果时需要仔细考虑的混杂因素的全面讨论。 WEW 方法结合了地上和深层土壤加热方法，能够观测当前观测记录中无法获得的未来温度条件，因此可以对未来环境条件进行合理的了解。
This paper describes the operational methods to achieve and measure both deep-soil heating (0-3 m) and whole-ecosystem warming (WEW) appropriate to the scale of tall-stature, high-carbon, boreal forest peatlands. The methods were developed to allow scientists to provide a plausible set of ecosystem-warming scenarios within which immediate and longer-term (1 decade) responses of organisms (microbes to trees) and ecosystem functions (carbon, water and nutrient cycles) could be measured. Elevated CO2 was also incorporated to test how temperature responses may be modified by atmospheric CO2 effects on carbon cycle processes. The WEW approach was successful in sustaining a wide range of aboveground and belowground temperature treatments (+0, +2.25, +4.5, +6.75 and +9 degrees C) in large 115m(2) open-topped enclosures with elevated CO2 treatments (+0 to +500 ppm). Air warming across the entire 10 enclosure study required similar to 90% of the total energy for WEW ranging from 64 283 mega Joules (MJ) d(-1) during the warm season to 80 102 MJ d(-1) during cold months. Soil warming across the study required only 1.3 to 1.9% of the energy used ranging from 954 to 1782 MJ d(-1) of energy in the warm and cold seasons, respectively. The residual energy was consumed by measurement and communication systems. Sustained temperature and elevated CO2 treatments were only constrained by occasional high external winds. This paper contrasts the in situ WEW method with closely related field-warming approaches using both aboveground (air or infrared heating) and belowground-warming methods. It also includes a full discussion of confounding factors that need to be considered carefully in the interpretation of experimental results. The WEW method combining aboveground and deep-soil heating approaches enables observations of future temperature conditions not available in the current observational record, and therefore provides a plausible glimpse of future environmental conditions.