MEDIEVAL DISTORTIONS : THE PROJECTIONS OF ANCIENT MAPS
MEDIEVAL DISTORTIONS : THE PROJECTIONS OF ANCIENT MAPS
复制标题
中世纪的扭曲：古代地图的投影
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Toblfx
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W.;Toblfx
对古代地图所使用的地图投影的估计是各种其他研究的先决条件。这里提出的初步评估已经为赫里福德地图提供了经验方程式，并说明了Portolan海图与斜墨卡托投影的一致性。对古代地图的研究是历史地理学引人入胜的一个方面。这样的地图可以用于多种目的，从多个角度进行分析。下面的评论仅是指对古代mappaemundi和portolan海图所暗示的地图投影的估计。对这些旧地图投影的评估有助于确定地图的准确性，并可能提供对其构造方法的见解。关于古人对世界的感知的现代理论也可能需要考虑用于地图的地图投影。这两类正在调查的地图没有任何陆地纬度和经度的指示。这导致一些学生得出结论，这些地图不是基于任何地图投影这一点需要澄清。当然，没有光栅并不意味着没有投影。即使是现代地图，偶尔也会不使用这种网格更能说明问题的是，绘制地图的人很有可能不知道地球是球形的，或者认为地球是球形的与此无关。如果是这样的话，地图就会被绘制得好像地球是平的一样。绘图和观测信息之间可能出现不一致；这些不一致可以归因于其中一个（不可避免的）错误，或者两者都有。1965年5月16日接受出版。A. E. Nordenskiold称这些地图为副热带地图；佩里加斯，海图和航海指南的早期历史随笔（斯德哥尔摩：巴瑟翻译，1897）。R. E. Dahlberg，“没有投影的地图”，《地理杂志》，第60卷（1961），第213-18页。区域的错误和不一致可能是相当小的，可以被忽视。然而，不一致不是必要的或不可避免的。任何不超过两个独立测量的观测资料，在绘制时都不会导致不一致。无论地球是圆的还是平的，这都是正确的。在上述任何一个事件中，我们都可以正确地说，这幅地图不是基于地图投影，只是在涉及的制图师没有有意识地使用地图投影的意义上但是，正如我们从地图制作的基础工作中学到的那样，每张地图都需要一个地图投影。因此，古代地图隐含地指的是某种地图投影。下一个困难似乎是，如果假设这个隐式投影是已知投影之一。例如，将波多兰海图与墨卡托投影海图和平方投影海图进行了比较。假设匹配度很差，可以得出结论，图表不是在这两个pro3中的任何一个上绘制的。类似的评论也适用于一个小区域的工程测量。* H. Wagner：“Das Ratsel der Kompasskarten in Lichte der Gesamtentwickelung der Seekarten”，《德国地理》，不来梅，1895，第65-87页；E. Steger，“Untersuchung uber italienische Seekarten des Mittelalters auf Grund der kartometrischen method”论文，哥廷根，1896；M. Fiorini, Le projezioni delle carte geogrufiche，博洛尼亚，1881；A.《地理学的研究》，《地理学报》第11期（1881年），页168页；M. a . Clos-Arceduc，《葡萄牙人的谜：关于投影的研究》和《关于第十四世纪的建筑模式》和《第十五世纪》，《历史与科学委员会公报》，地理部分，第19期（1956），215-31页。方形投影也被称为板形投影、简单圆柱投影和圆柱等间距投影。
Estimates of the map projection employed for an ancient map is a prerequisite for a variety of other studies. The preliminary evaluation presented here has yielded empirical equations for the Hereford map and illustrated the agreement of a Portolan chart with an oblique Mercator projection. HE study of ancient maps provides one of T the fascinating aspects of historical geography. Such maps can be analyzed for many purposes and from several points of view. The following comments refer only to the estimation of the map projection implied by the ancient mappaemundi and portolan charts. Evaluation of the map projection of these old maps is of assistance in the determination of the accuracy of the maps, and may provide insight into their method of construction. Modern theories regarding the ancients’ perception of the world also may require consideration of the map projection employed for maps. The maps in the two classes under investigation do not contain any indication of the terrestrial graticule of latitude and longitude. This has led some students to conclude that the maps are not based on any map projection.1 This point requires clarification. Certainly the lack of the graticule does not imply the absence of a projection. Even modern maps are occasionally published without this grid.2 More telling is the high probability the sphericity of the earth was unknown to, or was not considered relevant by, the individuals who constructed the maps. If this is the case the maps would be constructed as though the earth were flat. Inconsistencies between the plotting and the observational information then might arise; these inconsistencies could be attributed to the (unavoidable) errors in one or the other, or both. For a small Accepted for publication May 16, 1965. A. E. Nordenskiold refers to these maps as paratropical; Periplus, An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions (Stockholm: Bather translation, 1897). R. E. Dahlberg, “Maps without Projections,” The Journal of Geography, vol. 60 (1961), pp. 213-18. area the errors and inconsistencies might be quite small and could go unnoticed. Inconsistencies are not necessary or inevitable, however. No set of observational information specifying the location of any terrestrial position by not more than two independent measures will lead to inconsistencies when plotted. This is true whether the earth i s considered round or flat. In either of the above events it is correct to say that the map is not based on a map projection only in the sense that the cartographer involved was not consciously employing a map projection.3 But, as one learns from any elementary work on map making, every map requires a map projection. The ancient maps therefore are implicitly referred to some map projection. The next difficulty, it seems, occurs if it is assumed that this implicit projection is one of the now-known projections. For example, the portolan charts have been compared with charts drawn on Mercator’s projection and on the square pr~jection.~ Suppose that the match is sufficiently poor to conclude that the chart is not drawn on either of these two pro3 Similar comments apply to an engineering survey of a small area. * H. Wagner, “Das Ratsel der Kompasskarten im Lichte der Gesamtentwickelung der Seekarten,” Verhandlungen, XI Deutsches Geographentages, Bremen, 1895, pp. 65-87; E. Steger, “Untersuchung uber italienische Seekarten des Mittelalters auf Grund der kartometrischen Methode” Dissertation, Gottingen, 1896; M. Fiorini, Le projezioni delle carte geogrufiche, Bologna, 1881; A. Brewing, “Zur Geschichte der Kartographie,” Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Geographie, I1 (1881), p. 168 ff; M. A. Clos-Arceduc, “L’Enigme des Portulans: Etude sur la Projection et le mode de construction des cartes a rumbs du XIV“ et du Xv” Siecle,” Bulletin, Comite des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Section de Geographie, LXIX (1956), pp. 215-31. The square projection is also known by the names plate carrbe, simple cylindrical, and cylindrical equal-spaced projection.