Models in Field Studies of Temperature and Moisture

Models in Field Studies of Temperature and Moisture
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温度和湿度现场研究模型

DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Alford
R. Alford
中科院分区：
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Rowley;R. Alford

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在变温生物中，体温的变化直接影响能量获取、生长和繁殖的速率等因素（Shoemaker和McClanahan 1975; McClanahan 1978）。温度也对生态相互作用产生强烈影响，如捕食者-猎物和宿主-病原体相互作用，温度的变化可以完全逆转个体和种群水平上这种相互作用的结果（Elliot et al. 2002; Woodhams et al. 2003）。虽然陆生外温动物的体温与环境温度有很大的相关性， 由于物种特异性行为、生理学、形态学和微环境使用，许多物种的体温可能与宏观环境温度有很大差异。因此，暴露于相同宏观环境条件下的外温动物可以经历非常不同的体温（Kennedy 1997）。 两栖动物的生理学和生态学，以及它们之间的热关系，也受到水分的强烈影响。蒸发失水（EWL）的程度在物种内部和物种之间差异很大（Shoemaker and Nagy 1977; Wygoda 1984; Buttemer et al.1996; Young et al.2005），许多物种的个体能够在相对较短的时间内调整其水分流失率（Withers et al. 1982; Wygoda 1989 a; Withers 1995; Tracy et al. 2008）。湿热环境以及它们之间的相互作用会限制两栖动物的表现（Snyder and Hammerson 1993; Tracy et al. 1993）。然而，两栖动物所经历的实际温度和湿度在一系列可用的宏观环境条件下可能会有很大的不同，这取决于微环境的使用（Schwarzkopf和阿尔福德1996; Seebacher和阿尔福德2002;罗利和阿尔福德2007 a）。为了了解两栖动物在野外的环境经历，必须描述两栖动物所经历的热环境和湿度环境。 了解两栖动物在野外的温度和水分关系不仅对了解它们的生物学很重要，而且对保护也很重要。最近世界各地两栖动物种群的下降部分归因于流行病两栖壶菌病（Lips等人，2006年）。热带雨林青蛙体温调节机会的变化可能导致了与疾病相关的广泛下降（Pounds等人，2006年）。实验室实验表明，晒太阳可以产生较高的体温，可以治愈两栖动物的 疾病（Woodhams等人，2003）。全球变暖也可能对许多物种产生重大影响， 宏观环境模型表明，许多外温物种的分布将发生巨大变化（托马斯等人，2004年）。这种方法受到许多物种目前的分布可能无法反映其基本气候要求这一事实的限制（Parmesan et al. 2005）。理解这些要求可能有助于改进这些预测 （Kennedy 1997; Parmesan et al. 2005）。
In ectothermic organisms, variation in body temperature directly affects factors such as rates of energy acquisition, growth, and reproduction (Shoemaker and McClanahan 1975; McClanahan 1978). Temperature also exerts a strong infl uence on ecological interactions such as predator–prey and host–pathogen interactions, and changes in temperature can completely reverse the outcome of such interactions at both the individual and population levels (Elliot et al. 2002; Woodhams et al. 2003). Although the body temperature of terrestrial ectotherms is broadly correlated with environmental temperature, the actual body temperatures of many species can differ considerably from macroenvironmental temperatures due to species-specifi c behavior, physiology, morphology, and microenvironment use. As a result, ectotherms exposed to identical macroenvironmental conditions can experience very different body temperatures (Kennedy 1997). The physiology and ecology of amphibians, and their thermal relations, are also strongly influenced by moisture. The degree of evaporative water loss (EWL) varies considerably within and among species (Shoemaker and Nagy 1977; Wygoda 1984; Buttemer et al. 1996; Young et al. 2005), and individuals of many species are able to adjust their rates of water loss over relatively short periods of time (Withers et al. 1982; Wygoda 1989a; Withers 1995; Tracy et al. 2008). The moisture and thermal environments, and interactions between them, can constrain the performance of amphibians (Snyder and Hammerson 1993; Tracy et al. 1993). However, the actual temperature and humidity experienced by an amphibian can differ dramatically within a range of available macroenvironmental conditions, depending on microenvironment use (Schwarzkopf and Alford 1996; Seebacher and Alford 2002; Rowley and Alford 2007a). To understand how the environment is experienced by amphibians in the field, both the thermal and moisture environments must be characterized as they are experienced by amphibians. Understanding the thermal and water relations of amphibians in the field is important not only for understanding their biology, but also for conservation. Recent declines in amphibian populations around the world have been attributed in part to the epidemic disease amphibian chytridiomycosis (Lips et al. 2006). Changes in thermoregulatory opportunities available to rainforest frogs may have contributed to their widespread declines in association with the disease (Pounds et al. 2006). Laboratory experiments have shown that elevated body temperatures, as can be produced by basking, can cure amphibians of the disease (Woodhams et al. 2003). Global warming is also likely to have a large impact on many species, with macroenvironmental modeling suggesting that the distributions of many ectothermic species will be dramatically altered (Thomas et al. 2004). This approach is limited by the fact that the present distributions of many species may not refl ect their fundamental climatic requirements (Parmesan et al. 2005). Understanding those requirements may aid in refi ning such predictions (Kennedy 1997; Parmesan et al. 2005).