All smiles are positive but some smiles are more positive than others
All smiles are positive but some smiles are more positive than others
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DOI：
10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.642
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发表时间：
2001-09-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Dickson, KL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Messinger, DS;Fogel, A;Dickson, KL
关于是否所有的微笑或特定类型的微笑都是生命早期积极情绪的指标的分歧，通过研究婴儿何时产生不同类型的微笑和其他面部表情来解决。每周观察13名1至6个月大的婴儿。无论是母亲在微笑还是婴儿凝视母亲的脸时，单独微笑——不扬起脸颊或张开嘴——的可能性都比不微笑的时候要大。当母亲微笑时，抬起脸颊（杜氏）微笑的可能性比单独微笑的可能性更大。当婴儿直接盯着母亲的脸时，张嘴（玩耍）微笑比单独微笑的可能性更大。无论是母亲在微笑，还是婴儿凝视母亲的脸时，婴儿都更有可能同时抬起脸颊和张开嘴巴，随着年龄的增长，这两种情况同时出现的可能性也越来越大。微笑的抬起脸颊和张开嘴巴的维度似乎分别与分享积极情绪和视觉参与的放大过程有关，而这两种过程在单独微笑时出现的程度较低。
Disagreement as to whether all smiling or specific types of smiling index positive emotion early in life was addressed by examining when infants produced different types of smiling and other facial expressions. Thirteen infants were observed weekly from 1 to 6 months of age. Smiling alone-without cheek raising or mouth opening-was relatively more likely than periods without smiling both when mothers were smiling and when infants were gazing at their mothers' faces. Cheek-raise (Duchenne) smiling was relatively more likely than smiling alone only when mothers were smiling. Open-mouth (play) smiling was relatively more likely than smiling alone only when infants were gazing directly at mothers' faces. Smiling involving both cheek raising and mouth opening was relatively likely both when mothers were smiling and when infants were gazing at mothers' faces and became increasingly likely with age when both conditions co-occurred. The cheek-raise and open-mouth dimensions of smiling appear to be associated with, respectively, the amplification of processes of sharing positive affect and of visual engagement that are present to a lesser degree in smiling alone.