Technical Report-Ultraviolet Radiation: A Hazard to Children and Adolescents
Technical Report-Ultraviolet Radiation: A Hazard to Children and Adolescents
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DOI：
10.1542/peds.2010-3501
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8
通讯作者：
Balk, Sophie J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Balk, Sophie J.
阳光维持着地球上的生命。阳光是皮肤合成维生素D的必要条件。然而，太阳的紫外线可能是有害的，因为过度暴露会导致皮肤癌和其他不利的健康影响。皮肤癌是一个重大的公共卫生问题；美国每年有超过200万的新病例被诊断出来。紫外线辐射（UVR）导致三种主要形式的皮肤癌：基底细胞癌；鳞状细胞癌；皮肤恶性黑色素瘤。在生命早期暴露在阳光和人造光源的紫外线下会增加患皮肤癌的风险。大约25%的日晒发生在18岁之前。当人们过度暴露在阳光下或故意暴露在人造紫外线下时，患皮肤癌的风险会增加。公众对风险的认识不是最佳的，遵守防晒措施是不一致的，所有年龄组的皮肤癌发病率都在持续上升，包括年轻人。人们继续被晒伤，青少年和成年人是晒黑店的常客。阳光照射和维生素D水平是相互关联的。儿童和成人的骨骼健康都需要充足的维生素D。此外，越来越多的信息表明维生素D对各种健康状况都有有益的影响。皮肤产生维生素D需要阳光，而许多因素使阳光照射产生维生素D的效率复杂化。因此，在促进防晒策略的同时确保维生素D充足，需要重新关注评估膳食和补充维生素D的充足性。每天摄入400国际单位的维生素D将预防婴儿维生素D缺乏性佝偻病。维持大龄儿童和青少年最佳健康所需的维生素D补充量尚不清楚。本报告更新了有关阳光照射与皮肤癌和其他不良健康影响之间的关系、暴露于紫外线辐射人工源与皮肤癌的关系、防晒方法、维生素D、社区预防皮肤癌的努力以及儿科医生在预防皮肤癌方面的作用的信息。除了儿科医生的努力外，还需要持续的公共卫生努力来改变对紫外线辐射暴露的态度和行为。儿科2011;127: e791-e817
Sunlight sustains life on earth. Sunlight is essential for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. The sun's ultraviolet rays can be hazardous, however, because excessive exposure causes skin cancer and other adverse health effects. Skin cancer is a major public health problem; more than 2 million new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes the 3 major forms of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Exposure to UVR from sunlight and artificial sources early in life elevates the risk of developing skin cancer. Approximately 25% of sun exposure occurs before 18 years of age. The risk of skin cancer is increased when people overexpose themselves to sun and intentionally expose themselves to artificial sources of UVR. Public awareness of the risk is not optimal, compliance with sun protection is inconsistent, and skin-cancer rates continue to rise in all age groups including the younger population. People continue to sunburn, and teenagers and adults are frequent visitors to tanning parlors. Sun exposure and vitamin D status are intertwined. Adequate vitamin D is needed for bone health in children and adults. In addition, there is accumulating information suggesting a beneficial influence of vitamin D on various health conditions. Cutaneous vitamin D production requires sunlight, and many factors complicate the efficiency of vitamin D production that results from sunlight exposure. Ensuring vitamin D adequacy while promoting sun-protection strategies, therefore, requires renewed attention to evaluating the adequacy of dietary and supplemental vitamin D. Daily intake of 400 IU of vitamin D will prevent vitamin D deficiency rickets in infants. The vitamin D supplementation amounts necessary to support optimal health in older children and adolescents are less clear. This report updates information on the relationship of sun exposure to skin cancer and other adverse health effects, the relationship of exposure to artificial sources of UVR and skin cancer, sun-protection methods, vitamin D, community skin-cancer-prevention efforts, and the pediatrician's role in preventing skin cancer. In addition to pediatricians' efforts, a sustained public health effort is needed to change attitudes and behaviors regarding UVR exposure. Pediatrics 2011;127:e791-e817