DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PIG SYMPOSIUM: Gut chemosensing and the regulation of nutrient absorption and energy supply
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PIG SYMPOSIUM: Gut chemosensing and the regulation of nutrient absorption and energy supply
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DOI：
10.2527/jas.2012-5906
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发表时间：
2013-05-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Marshall, F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mace, O. J.;Marshall, F.
肠道生理学领域已经被发现，营养敏感的化学传感器战略性地定位在胃肠道内，以调节营养吸收和肠道激素分泌。已经证实，日粮的组成调节了肠道的吸收能力和肠道肽的分泌，包括糖胰岛素促胰岛素多肽、胰高血糖素样肽-1和肽YY。通过这些机制，化学传感器，包括营养转运体和G蛋白偶联受体，能够调节细胞能量的摄取、消耗和肠道内的稳态。在过去的几十年里，一些对膳食营养素的到来作出反应的化学传感器的分子特征已经被揭示出来。本文综述了目前对肠道化学传感器在营养中的作用及其通过表达营养转运体和肠道肽分泌调节细胞能量稳态的能力的认识。在人类和动物身上，这为有益地操纵全身代谢过程提供了令人兴奋的可能性。在人类中，营养不良或代谢性疾病，如肥胖和2型糖尿病，可能是肠道化学感应受损的结果。因此，与代谢的神经内分泌控制相关的肠道化学传感器被认为是营养和药物干预的目标，具有操纵积极生长或老年人的营养状况和/或在代谢疾病期间恢复能量稳态的潜力。在动物世界中，以肠道化学传感器为目标来增加动物的能量供应可能会影响饲料消耗、肠道发育、健康和生长效率。例如，在早期刺激营养吸收可能会减少断奶后肠道疾病的发生率，从而提高饲料效率，影响动物蛋白质生产的经济和环境可持续性。
The field of intestinal physiology has been transformed by the discovery that nutrient-sensitive chemosensors are strategically positioned within the gastrointestinal tract to regulate nutrient absorption and gut hormone secretion. It is well established that the composition of the diet modulates the absorptive capacity of the intestine and the secretion of gut peptides including glucoinsulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide YY. Through these mechanisms chemosensors, including nutrient transporters and G protein coupled receptors, are able to regulate cellular energy uptake, expenditure, and homeostasis in intestine. Over the past few decades, the molecular identities for some of the chemosensors that respond to the arrival of dietary nutrients have been revealed. This review summarizes the current understanding of intestinal chemosensors in nutrition and their ability to regulate cellular energy homeostasis through the expression of nutrient transporters and the secretion of gut peptides. In both humans and animals, this raises exciting possibilities to beneficially manipulate whole body metabolic processes. In humans, malnutrition or metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, may result from impaired intestinal chemosensing. Therefore, intestinal chemosensors associated with the neuroendocrine control of metabolism are considered targets for nutritional and pharmacological intervention, with the potential to manipulate the nutritional status of actively growing or elderly individuals and/or restore energy homeostasis during metabolic disease. In the animal world, targeting intestinal chemosensors to increase energy supply in animals is likely to affect feed consumption, gut development, health, and growth efficiency. For instance, stimulating nutrient absorption at an early age may reduce incidence of intestinal disorders postweaning and this could improve feed efficiency, impacting the economic and environmental sustainability of animal-protein production.