INTERDEMIC SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF ALTRUISM: A COMPUTER SIMULATION STUDY
INTERDEMIC SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF ALTRUISM: A COMPUTER SIMULATION STUDY
复制标题
流行病选择和利他主义的进化：计算机模拟研究
DOI：
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发表时间：
1974
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Kilmer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Levin;W. Kilmer
在经典的解释中，自然选择是一个利己的过程。个体生物为了在后代中代表自己的基因而竞争。那些能够更好地生存和繁殖的个体的基因组以更高的频率出现。这种自然选择过程在个体生物层面上起作用，能够解释绝大多数物种对环境的适应。然而，有一小部分角色很难用这种机制来解释。膜翅昆虫和同翅昆虫的社会行为，鸟类的警告叫声，甚至真核生物的有性繁殖等各种现象的进化，都不能轻易地用在个体层面上运作的自然选择来解释。一般来说，有利于整个群体，但对携带者有选择性地中立或有害的性状，不符合个体自然选择的要求。也许是因为缺少一个更好的术语，也许是因为其人类中心主义的吸引力，这类角色被称为利他主义。两种主要的机制被用来解释利他性状的进化：亲缘选择和种间选择。这两个过程都需要群体中个体成员之间存在某种形式的非随机关联。出于这个原因，它们被恰当地组合在群体选择的总标题下（见Wilson， 1973）。亲缘选择群体由具有共同祖先的个体组成。种间选择群体是种群在空间上或时间上有界限的子集，主要形成内婚繁殖单位或群体
In the classical interpretation, natural selection is an egoistic process. Individual organisms compete for representation of their genes in future generations. The genomes of those individuals better able to survive and reproduce occur in higher frequencies. This process of natural selection working at the level of individual organisms is capable of explaining the vast majority of adaptations of species to their environment. There are, however, a significant minority of characters which are difficult to explain by this mechanism. The evolution of such diverse phenomena as social behavior in hymenopterous and isopterous insects, warning calls in birds and even sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, cannot readily be explained by natural selection operating at the level of individuals. In general, characters which benefit the group as a whole, but are selectively neutral or deleterious to the bearers, fail to conform to the requirements for individual natural selection. Either for want of a better term, or because of its anthropocentric appeal, this class of characters have become known as altruistic. Two primary mechanisms have been used to explain the evolution of altruistic characters: kin selection and interdemic selection. Both of these processes require some form of non-random association among the individual members of the population. For this reason they have been appropriately combined under the general heading of group selection (see Wilson, 1973). Kin selection groups are composed of individuals of common ancestry. Interdemic selection groups are spatially or temporaly bounded subsets of the population forming primarily endogamous breeding units or