Life between clocks: Daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes
Life between clocks: Daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes
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DOI：
10.1177/0748730402239679
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发表时间：
2003-02-01
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Merrow, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Roenneberg, T;Wirz-Justice, A;Merrow, M
人类行为在时间组织中表现出很大的个体间差异。当极端的“猫头鹰”入睡时，极端的“百灵鸟”就会醒来。这些时型归因于生物钟的差异，而在动物中，类似表型差异的遗传基础是建立得很好的。为了更好地了解人类时间组织的遗传基础，作者开发了一份问卷，分别记录个人的睡眠时间、自我报告的光线暴露和自我评估的时型，分别考虑工作和自由天数。本报告总结了在一项试点研究中完成的500份问卷的结果。个人的睡眠时间在工作日和休息日之间显示出很大的差异，除了极端早起的类型。在工作日，迟到的人积累了大量的睡眠债务，他们在自由的日子里通过延长几个小时的睡眠来弥补这一点。对于所有的时型来说，光天化日下在户外度过的时间长短都会显著影响睡眠时间：自我报告的光照增加会提前睡眠。自我选择睡眠的时间是多因素的，包括遗传倾向，工作日积累的睡眠债务，以及光照。因此，对遗传时型的准确评估必须包含所有这些参数。人类的时间型对光的依赖，即对光：暗信号的幅度的依赖，遵循所有其他实验生物体的昼夜节律系统的已知特征。我们的结果预测，在工业化过程中，睡眠的时间发生了变化，大多数人在工作日被剥夺了睡眠。这些影响涉及到学习、记忆、警觉、表现和生活质量等方面。
Human behavior shows large interindividual variation in temporal organization. Extreme "larks" wake up when extreme "owls" fall asleep. These chronotypes are attributed to differences in the circadian clock, and in animals, the genetic basis of similar phenotypic differences is well established. To better understand the genetic basis of temporal organization in humans, the authors developed a questionnaire to document individual sleep times, self-reported light exposure, and self-assessed chronotype, considering work and free days separately. This report summarizes the results of 500 questionnaires completed in a pilot study. Individual sleep times show large differences between work and free days, except for extreme early types. During the workweek, late chronotypes accumulate considerable sleep debt, for which they compensate on free days by lengthening their sleep by several hours. For all chronotypes, the amount of time spent outdoors in broad daylight significantly affects the timing of sleep: Increased self-reported light exposure advances sleep. The timing of self-selected sleep is multifactorial, including genetic disposition, sleep debt accumulated on workdays, and light exposure. Thus, accurate assessment of genetic chronotypes has to incorporate all of these parameters. The dependence of human chronotype on light, that is, on the amplitude of the light:dark signal, follows the known characteristics of circadian systems in all other experimental organisms. Our results predict that the timing of sleep has changed during industrialization and that a majority of humans are sleep deprived during the workweek. The implications are far ranging concerning learning, memory, vigilance, performance, and quality of life.