Characterization of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphate flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, an urban estuary.
Characterization of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphate flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, an urban estuary.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.096
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发表时间：
2019-02
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Sutton;Da Chen;Jennifer M. Sun;D. Greig;Yan Wu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Sutton;Da Chen;Jennifer M. Sun;D. Greig;Yan Wu
消费品中加入了阻燃化学添加剂，以满足易燃性标准，许多添加剂已在环境基质中被检测到。对旧金山湾的水、沉积物、双壳贝类和海豹鲸脂中的阻燃剂进行了独特而广泛的表征，包括多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)和另外52种溴化、氯化或磷酸盐分析物。旧金山湾是一个高度城市化的河口，曾被认为是多溴联苯醚污染的热点。在溴化阻燃剂中，多溴二苯醚仍然是所有基质中的主要污染物，尽管在它们被淘汰后的过去十年中观察到了下降。在沉积物和组织基质中，六溴环十二烷(HBCD)和其他疏水、溴化阻燃剂的检出量通常低于多溴二苯醚。在所有基质中也检测到较低水平的十氯烷(DP)和相关的氯化化合物或根本没有检测到。相比之下，在海湾水样中广泛检测到磷酸盐阻燃剂，中位数最高的是TCPP >； TPhP >； TBEP >； TDCPP >； TCEP.海湾水域的浓度往往高于其他河口和海洋环境。在沉积物中也广泛检测到磷酸盐阻燃剂，其顺序为TEHP >； TCrP >； TPhP >； TDCPP >； TBEP.一些存在于双壳类中，TDCPP的水平与多溴二苯醚相当。在海豹脂中只检测到四种磷酸盐阻燃剂：TCPP、TDCPP、TCEP和TPHP。建议定期进行多基质筛查，以跟踪易燃性标准和生产实践变化对污染物趋势的影响，特别关注TDCPP和TPHP等污染物，这些污染物的水平与水生毒性阈值相当。
Flame retardant chemical additives are incorporated into consumer goods to meet flammability standards, and many have been detected in environmental matrices. A uniquely wide-ranging characterization of flame retardants was conducted, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 52 additional brominated, chlorinated, or phosphate analytes, in water, sediment, bivalves, and harbor seal blubber of San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary once considered a hot spot for PBDE contamination. Among brominated flame retardants, PBDEs remained the dominant contaminants in all matrices, though declines have been observed over the last decade following their phase-out. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other hydrophobic, brominated flame retardants were commonly detected at lower levels than PBDEs in sediment and tissue matrices. Dechlorane Plus (DP) and related chlorinated compounds were also detected at lower levels or not at all across all matrices. In contrast, phosphate flame retardants were widely detected in Bay water samples, with highest median concentrations in the order TCPP > TPhP > TBEP > TDCPP > TCEP. Concentrations in Bay water were often higher than in other estuarine and marine environments. Phosphate flame retardants were also widely detected in sediment, in the order TEHP > TCrP > TPhP > TDCPP > TBEP. Several were present in bivalves, with levels of TDCPP comparable to PBDEs. Only four phosphate flame retardants were detected in harbor seal blubber: TCPP, TDCPP, TCEP, and TPhP. Periodic, multi-matrix screening is recommended to track contaminant trends impacted by changes to flammability standards and manufacturing practices, with a particular focus on contaminants like TDCPP and TPhP that were found at levels comparable to thresholds for aquatic toxicity.