Paralytic shellfish poisoning: effects on breeding terns
Paralytic shellfish poisoning: effects on breeding terns
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麻痹性贝类中毒：对燕鸥繁殖的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
1983
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
I. Nisbet
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作者：
I. Nisbet
--1978年6月11日至12日，马萨诸塞州的一个繁殖群中，70多只普通燕鸥（Sterna hirundo）和数量较少的其他燕鸥和海鸥死于麻痹性贝类中毒（PSP;沟鞭藻Gonyaulax unculata的毒素）。PSP毒素检测到致命水平的沙launce（Ammodytes americanus），该鱼的主要食物。几乎所有死亡的鸟类都是处于产蛋前状态的雌性;其他鸟类呕吐并存活下来。幸存者的繁殖性能不受影响。死亡率最高的是三岁的鸟; 10-25%的三岁的女性被杀害。虽然PSP毒素在本地贝类中存在约三个星期，但燕鸥的死亡率仅限于两天的几个小时。1978年和其他年份，在马萨诸塞州海岸的其他地方检测到的贝类毒素水平要高得多，但海鸟和其他易受影响的海鸟没有受到影响。麻痹性贝类中毒（PSP）是由于摄入了一种由海藻产生的毒素，这种毒素主要在软体动物中积累。在北大西洋，产生这种毒素的主要生物是一种腰鞭毛虫（Gonyaulax incubata，以前称为G。tamarensis），其周期性的水华被称为“赤潮”（Loeblich and Loeblich 1975，Sweeney 1976，白色1980 a）。该毒素通过阻断神经冲动的传播发挥作用，导致骨骼肌麻痹，并在足够的剂量下因呼吸衰竭而死亡（Schantz 1973）。最近发现，该毒素可在海洋浮游动物体内积累，达到足以使食鱼鱼类致死的水平（白色，1977年，1980年B，1981年a，B）。然而，在食鱼鱼类或食鱼鸟类中的PSP报道很少。McKernan和Scheffer（1942）报道了普通Murres（Uria aalge）和潜鸟（Gavia spp.）在华盛顿州爆发的一场疫情中。Coulson等人（1968年）和Armstrong等人（1978年）报告了英格兰东北部的两起事件，其中大量繁殖的沙格（Phalacrocorax aristotelis）、大鸬鹚（P. carbo）和北方管鼻（Fulmarus glacialis）以及少量的银鸥（Larus argentatus）和燕鸥（Sterna spp.）被杀了霍罗宾（1970年）和邓恩（1972年）更详细地描述了1968年事件对地球的影响。在这篇论文中，我描述了在马萨诸塞州燕鸥群发生的一个类似的事件，在那里，我能够证明年龄和性别类别的差异效应。
--More than 70 Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) and lesser numbers of other terns and gulls were killed on 11-12 June 1978, by Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP; toxin of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata) at a breeding colony in Massachusetts. PSP toxin was detected at lethal levels in sand-launce (Ammodytes americanus), the terns' principal food. Almost all terns that died were females in pre-laying condition; other birds vomited and survived. Breeding performance of survivors was unaffected. Mortality was greatest in three-year-old birds; 10-25% of three-year-old females were killed. Although PSP toxin was present in local shellfish for about three weeks, tern mortality was limited to a few hours on two days. Much higher levels of toxin were detected in shellfish at other parts of the Massachusetts coast in 1978 and other years, but terns and other susceptible seabirds were unaffected. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) results from ingestion of a toxin produced by marine algae and which accumulates primarily in molluscs. In the North Atlantic, the organism primarily responsible for producing the toxin is a dinoflagellate (Gonyaulax excavata, formerly known as G. tamarensis), whose periodic blooms are known as "red tides" (Loeblich and Loeblich 1975, Sweeney 1976, White 1980a). The toxin acts by blocking propagation of nerve impulses, leading to paralysis of skeletal muscles and, in sufficient doses, to death from respiratory failure (Schantz 1973). It has recently been discovered that the toxin can accumulate in marine zooplankton to levels that are lethal to planktivorous fish (White 1977, 1980b, 1981 a, b). However, there are few reports of PSP in piscivorous fish or piscivorous birds. McKernan and Scheffer (1942) reported mortality of Common Murres (Uria aalge) and loons (Gavia spp.) in an outbreak off Washington state. Coulson et al. (1968) and Armstrong et al. (1978) reported two incidents in northeastern England, in which large numbers of breeding Shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), Great Cormorants (P. carbo) and Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and smaller numbers of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) and terns (Sterna spp.) were killed. Effects on the terns in the 1968 incident were described in more detail by Horobin (1970) and Dunn (1972). In this paper I describe a similar incident at a tern colony in Massachusetts, in which I was able to document differential effects upon ageand sex-classes.