Environmental Sustainability of Water Projects
Environmental Sustainability of Water Projects
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水利工程的环境可持续性
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Tortajada
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Tortajada
本文主要研究水利工程的环境可持续性问题。从理论和实施的角度对可持续发展的概念进行了分析，阐述了可持续发展概念的演变，并对水利工程环境可持续性的现状进行了深入的探讨。对环境可持续性的不同重要方面进行了几个案例研究。这些案例研究包括分析机构的作用、法律框架的有效性、利益相关者的参与、水利开发项目对区域发展的贡献、环境和社会问题以及社会和环境运动的影响。从规划、政策制定、制度安排、基础设施发展和人力资源开发等方面分析了土耳其东南部安纳托利亚(GAP)项目中的阿塔图尔克大坝的影响。它在建设阶段和运营的头七年对经济、社会和环境的影响。分析了大型大坝在扶贫和社会经济发展中的作用，特别是在安置方面。回顾了当前全球范围内非移民安置的思想，以及受水利工程影响的人们的移民安置经验。对土耳其GAP项目比雷西克大坝工程影响人民重新安置的参与性进程进行了评估，分析了拉丁美洲流域综合管理的制度安排，特别强调了巴西和墨西哥在流域一级的水管理经验。巴西和墨西哥被选中，因为与所有其他拉丁美洲国家相比，它们在这一领域遥遥领先。结论是，经济、社会和环境层面应在水发展目标中同时考虑。社会考虑至关重要，因为贫困既是环境退化的原因，也是环境退化的结果，贫困和社会紧张局势日益恶化的社会将没有手段或倾向将可持续发展作为优先事项。没有向可持续发展过渡的蓝图，但有可能减少环境退化、收入差距和持续贫困的政策改革。水务部门也不例外。关于可持续发展概念的运作可行性，现在有相当多的讨论。它提出，可持续发展应该被视为一次旅程，而不是一个目的地。世界不是同质的，因此不可能有一条独特的可持续发展道路，对世界所有国家和所有发展部门都同样有效和适用。每个国家都必须根据本国的社会、经济、文化和环境条件，以及现有的管理、技术和行政能力，以及社会、经济、文化和环境状况，确定其水资源发展议程的基础，以满足人们的期望和愿望。对发展中国家来说，只要水发展政策、方案和项目能够促进社会经济发展、减少贫困和收入差距以及保护环境，它们就走上了实现可持续发展的漫漫征程。关于什么是可持续水开发的定义辩论很可能是徒劳的。
The thesis focuses on the environmental sustainability ofwater projects. The concept is analysed from the theoreticaland the implementation viewpoints The evolution of the conceptof sustainable development is presented, with an in-depthdiscussion on the present status of the environmentalsustainability of water projects. Several case studies areanalysed on different important aspects of environmentalsustainability. These case studies include the analysis ofissues like the role of institutions, effectiveness of legalframeworks, participation of stakeholders, contributions ofwater development projects to regional development,consideration of environmental and social issues, and impactsof social and environmental movements.The impacts of the Ataturk dam, within the SoutheasternAnatolia (GAP) Project, Turkey, are analysed in terms ofplanning, policy making, institutional arrangements,infrastructural development, and human resources development.Its economic, social and environmental impacts during theconstruction phase and the first seven years of operation arereviewed.The role of large dams in poverty alleviation andsocio-economic development are analysed, especially in terms ofresettlement. The current global thinking on involuntaryresettlement is reviewed, as are the experiences onresettlement of the people affected by water projects. Anassessment of the participatory process that was formulated forthe resettlement of the people affected by the construction ofthe Birecik dam, GAP Project, Turkey, is presented.Institutional arrangements for integrated river basinmanagement in Latin America is analysed, with special emphasison the Brazilian and the Mexican experiences of watermanagement at the river basin level. Brazil and Mexico werechosen since they are by far the most advanced in this area,compared to all the other Latin American countries.It is concluded that economic, social and environmentaldimensions should be considered concurrently within the goalsof water development. Social considerations are essentialbecause poverty is both a cause and an effect of environmentaldegradation, and societies festering with poverty and socialtensions will not have the means, or inclination, to makesustainable development a priority issue. There are noblueprints for a transition to sustainability, but there arepolicy reforms that could reduce environmental degradation,income disparity and persistent poverty. The water sector isnot an exception to this conclusion.There is now considerable discussion on the operationalfeasibility of the sustainable development concept. It issuggested that sustainable development should be considered tobe a journey and not a destination. The world is nothomogeneous, and thus there cannot be one unique path tosustainable development that would be equally valid andapplicable for all countries of the world, and for alldevelopment sectors. Each country will have to base its waterdevelopment agendas depending on their own social, economic,cultural and environmental conditions, available managerial,technical and administrative capacities and societalexpectations and aspirations. For developing countries, as longas water development policies, programmes and projects cancontribute to socio-economic development, reduction in povertyand income disparity, and environmental conservation, they arewell on course in their long journey to sustainabledevelopment. Definitional debates as to what constitutessustainable water development are likely to beunproductive.