MECHANISM OF CILIARY MOVEMENT .1. CILIARY REVERSAL AND ACTIVATION BY ELECTRIC CURRENT - LUDLOFF PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF CORE AND VOLUME CONDUCTORS
MECHANISM OF CILIARY MOVEMENT .1. CILIARY REVERSAL AND ACTIVATION BY ELECTRIC CURRENT - LUDLOFF PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF CORE AND VOLUME CONDUCTORS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01231.x
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发表时间：
1961-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
JAHN, TL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
JAHN, TL
在草履虫中，通过膜的电流方向与纤毛搏动的方向之间没有已知的相关性。一个原因是，路德洛夫现象似乎与大多数其他数据相矛盾。路德洛夫现象是随着电流强度的增加，反转区域极限的阳极移动。然而，通过假设草履虫是浸泡在体积导体中的核心导体，并应用极化电流定律，可以解释所有现有的关于正常纤毛活动的逆转的数据，以及关于固定标本中纤毛被电流激活的数据。假设正常膜电位或电流密度的阈值去极化程度导致反转。Ludloff现象是由于这种去极化程度随着膜电流的增加而阳极化而引起的。如果还假设固定标本的膜电位的增加导致正常方向的激活，则可以预测阳极激活、随着速度的减慢而逆转的进展、兴奋发展的时间进程、“破裂”时的阳极刺激、线性上升电流的刺激、相对不应期和超常期、取向角度的影响以及乙酰胆碱和抗乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响。不需要假设有神经运动系统。然而，如果现有的数据以神经常用的方式进行解释，则可以得出结论，存在活跃的调节过程，也可能存在局部兴奋状态。最近提出的趋化电流的“偶极”理论是不可接受的，因为它不包括纤毛翻转。
In Paramecium there is no known correlation between the direction of electric current through the membrane and of ciliary beat. One reason is that the Ludloff phenomenon, an anodal shift in the limit of the area of reversal with increased current strength, has seemed contradictory to most other data. However, by assuming Paramecium to be a core conductor immersed in a volume conductor and by applying the laws of polarizing currents it is possible to explain all existing data on reversal of normal ciliary action, and also on activation of cilia in immobilized specimens by electrical current. It is assumed that a threshold degree of depolarization of the normal membrane potential or of current density causes reversal. The Ludloff phenomenon is caused by anodal progression of this degree of depolarization with increasing membrane current. If it is also assumed that an increase in the membrane potential of immobilized specimens causes activation in the normal direction, one can predict anodal activation, progression of reversal with decrement in velocity, time course of development of excitation, anodal stimulation upon "break," stimulation by linearly rising currents, relative refractory and supernormal periods, effect of angle of orientation, and effect of acetylcholine and anti-acetylcholine esterase. Assumption of a neuromotor system is not needed. However, if available data are interpreted in the manner commonly used for nerve it can be concluded that an active accommodative process exists and possibly also a local excitatory state. A recent "dipolar" theory of galvanotaxis is not acceptable because it does not include ciliary reversal.