Safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and physical activity among public housing residents.
Safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and physical activity among public housing residents.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pmed.0040306
复制
发表时间：
2007-10
期刊：
影响因子：
15.8
通讯作者：
Emmons, Karen M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bennett, Gary G.;McNeill, Lorna H.;Wolin, Kathleen Y.;Duncan, Dustin T.;Puleo, Elaine;Emmons, Karen M.
尽管身体活动对健康有益，但缺乏身体活动的现象很普遍，尤其是生活在低收入城市社区的人。在这种情况下，社区安全可能会影响人们定期进行体育锻炼的意愿。我们研究了感知社区安全与计步器决定的身体活动和身体活动自我效能的关系。参与者是来自波士顿大都市12个城市低收入住宅区的1180名主要是种族/少数民族的成年人。参与者完成了一个5天计步器数据收集协议，并自我报告了他们对社区安全和自我效能的看法（即对身体活动能力的信心）。估计性别分层的双变量和多变量随机效应模型可以解释站点内聚类。大多数参与者表示白天感到安全，而只有超过三分之一（36%）的人在晚上感到安全。我们发现白天的安全报告与男性和女性的身体活动之间没有联系。男性的夜间安全报告与身体活动之间也没有关联（p = 0.23），但报告夜间感到不安全（相对于安全）的女性每天的步数明显减少（4302对5178，p = 0.01）。在男性（OR 0.40, p = 0.01）和女性（OR 0.68, p = 0.02）中，认为自己的邻居在白天不安全与高体力活动自我效能感的几率显著降低相关。居住在被认为夜间不安全的社区是生活在城市低收入住房中的个人，特别是妇女进行正常体育活动的障碍。感觉不安全也会降低对身体活动能力的信心。这两个因素可能会限制在类似环境中提供的体育活动促进策略的有效性。加里·班尼特（Garry Bennett）和他的同事测量了锻炼水平，并获得了对社区安全的看法。他们得出的结论是，居住在夜间被认为不安全的社区是正常体育活动的障碍。如今，我们都被鼓励多做体育锻炼，因为有研究表明，不运动会增加许多疾病的风险，包括肥胖、心脏病发作和中风。不爱运动的人死得更早。先前的研究表明，低收入人群和少数民族或少数民族的人的运动水平最低。然而，有许多障碍是积极的。据称，居住在不安全社区的人面临着特别的困难。他们可能想在家附近散步、骑自行车或进行其他形式的户外运动，但他们担心自己会因暴力袭击而受伤。生活在不安全地区的通常是最贫穷的社会成员。众所周知，那些属于少数种族或族裔群体的穷人特别容易感到不安全。进行这项研究的研究人员想要了解美国低收入城市地区的人们是否认为自己在他们的社区中是不安全的，以及他们参加了多少体育活动。他们的目的是确定感知安全水平和运动量之间是否存在关联，或者两者是否无关。其他研究人员之前也曾试图寻找这样的联系，但他们通常依赖于人们说他们记得参加了多少活动，而不是实际测量的量。这类研究的结果各不相同，尚无定论。他们在美国一个城市（波士顿）的一个低收入区工作，找到了1000多人参与他们的研究，其中大多数是少数民族。他们问了这些人这样一个问题：“在你的社区里独自行走，你觉得有多安全？”回答选项包括“安全”、“有点不安全”和“不安全”。同样的问题也被问及在白天独自行走和在天黑后独自行走。参与研究的人还同意连续五天佩戴计步器。这个仪器测量穿戴者走的步数。因此，比起询问人们认为自己参与了多少活动，这是一种更准确的了解活动水平的方法。五分之四的人说他们在白天确实感到安全，但白天的安全与体育活动之间没有联系。男性和女性都是如此。研究中三分之二的人在夜间感到不安全。男性认为夜间安全与身体活动之间没有联系，但报告夜间感到不安全的女性每天比其他女性少走约1000步。这相当于减少了约20%的体力活动。即使是那些晚上感到安全的女性，每天也只走5000步左右，大约是美国外科医生建议的健康步数的一半。因此，研究中的所有女性都将从更多的体育锻炼中受益。然而，感到不安全的妇女活动量少得多确实表明，认为缺乏安全是一个重要因素，这可能会增加对她们健康的风险。有趣的是，在男性中没有发现感知安全性和活动之间的关联，而且只适用于夜间安全。然而，作者认为，他们的研究结果提供了初步证据，表明在低收入地区，人们认为较低的社区安全可能会成为体育锻炼的障碍。他们在文章中讨论了进一步研究的必要性。请通过本摘要的在线版本http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040306访问这些网站。•英国国家卫生服务发布了在线NHS直接健康百科全书，其中描述了运动的好处并给出了建议•有关运动的信息也可以在MedlinePlus上找到，这是美国国家医学图书馆和国立卫生研究院的一项服务
Despite its health benefits, physical inactivity is pervasive, particularly among those living in lower-income urban communities. In such settings, neighborhood safety may impact willingness to be regularly physically active. We examined the association of perceived neighborhood safety with pedometer-determined physical activity and physical activity self-efficacy. Participants were 1,180 predominantly racial/ethnic minority adults recruited from 12 urban low-income housing complexes in metropolitan Boston. Participants completed a 5-d pedometer data-collection protocol and self-reported their perceptions of neighborhood safety and self-efficacy (i.e., confidence in the ability to be physically active). Gender-stratified bivariate and multivariable random effects models were estimated to account for within-site clustering. Most participants reported feeling safe during the day, while just over one-third (36%) felt safe at night. We found no association between daytime safety reports and physical activity among both men and women. There was also no association between night-time safety reports and physical activity among men (p = 0.23) but women who reported feeling unsafe (versus safe) at night showed significantly fewer steps per day (4,302 versus 5,178, p = 0.01). Perceiving one's neighborhood as unsafe during the day was associated with significantly lower odds of having high physical activity self-efficacy among both men (OR 0.40, p = 0.01) and women (OR 0.68, p = 0.02). Residing in a neighborhood that is perceived to be unsafe at night is a barrier to regular physical activity among individuals, especially women, living in urban low-income housing. Feeling unsafe may also diminish confidence in the ability to be more physically active. Both of these factors may limit the effectiveness of physical activity promotion strategies delivered in similar settings. Garry Bennett and colleagues measured exercise levels and obtained opinions on neighborhood safety. They concluded that residing in a neighborhood perceived to be unsafe at night is a barrier to regular physical activity. Nowadays we are all encouraged to do more physical activity, as it has been shown that inactivity increases the risk of many medical conditions, including obesity, heart attacks, and strokes. Inactive people die younger. Previous research has shown that people on a low income and those from ethnic or racial minorities have the lowest activity levels. There are, however, many barriers to being active. It has been claimed that people who live in neighborhoods that are unsafe face particular difficulties. They might want to walk, cycle, or take other forms of outdoor exercise near their home, but they fear they would be injured as a result of a violent attack. It is usually the poorest members of society who live in unsafe areas. It is also known that those poor people who belong to minority racial or ethnic groups are particularly likely to feel unsafe. The researchers who did this study wanted to find out whether people in a low-income urban area in the US considered themselves to be unsafe in their neighborhood, and how much physical activity they took part in. Their aim was to establish whether there was an association between the perceived safety level and the amount of activity taken, or if the two were unrelated. Other researchers have tried to look for such an association before, but they have usually relied on how much activity people say they remember taking, not on the actual measured amount. The results from such research have been very varied and inconclusive. Working in one low-income district of one US city (Boston), they found over 1,000 people to participate in their study, most of whom were from ethnic minorities. They asked them the question: “How safe do you feel walking alone in your neighborhood?” Response options included “safe,” “a little unsafe,” and “unsafe.” The same question was asked about walking alone in the daylight and walking alone after dark. The people in the study also agreed to wear a pedometer for five days. This instrument measures the number of steps that the wearer takes. It is thus a much more accurate way of finding out about activity levels than asking people how much activity they think they have engaged in. Four out of five people said they did feel safe during the day, but there was no association between daytime safety and physical activity. This was the case for both men and women. Two-thirds of the people in the study felt unsafe in the night-time. There was no association between perceived night-time safety and physical activity among men, but women who reported feeling unsafe at night took around 1,000 fewer steps per day than other women. That amounts to around 20% less physical activity. Even the women who felt safe at night were only taking around 5,000 steps per day, around half of what the US Surgeon General recommends for good health. So all the women in the study would benefit from more physical activity. However, the much lower amount of activity of the women who felt unsafe does suggest that a perceived lack of safety is an important factor, which could increase the risks to their health. It is interesting that the association between perceived safety and activity was not found in men and only applied to night-time safety. However, the authors argue that their findings provide preliminary evidence that perceived low neighborhood safety may serve as a barrier to physical activity in low-income areas. They discuss in the article the need for further research. Please access these Web sites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040306. • The UK National Health Service publishes the online NHS Direct Health Encyclopedia, which describes the benefits of exercise and gives recommendations • Information on exercise may also be found on MedlinePlus, a service of the US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Hoehner, CM;Ramirez, LKB;Brownson, RC
通讯作者：
Brownson, RC
DOI：
10.1249/01.mss.0000210200.87328.3f
发表时间：
2006-04-01
期刊：
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bennett, GG;Wolin, KY;Emmons, KM
通讯作者：
Emmons, KM
影响因子：
5
作者：
FORD, ES;MERRITT, RK;HAILE, G
通讯作者：
HAILE, G
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Huston, SL;Evenson, KR;Gizlice, Z
通讯作者：
Gizlice, Z
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Humpel, N;Owen, N;Leslie, E
通讯作者：
Leslie, E