Group structure predicts variation in proximity relationships between male–female and male–infant pairs of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Group structure predicts variation in proximity relationships between male–female and male–infant pairs of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
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群体结构预测山地大猩猩（Gorilla beringei beringei）的雄性-雌性和雄性-婴儿对之间的邻近关系的变化
DOI：
10.1007/s10329-015-0490-2
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Stoinski, T. S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rosenbaum, S.;Maldonado-Chaparro, A. A.;Stoinski, T. S.
同种生物之间的关系既受到生态因素的影响，也受到其所处社会组织的影响。两者的系统变化——与社会生态学模型的预测相一致——有很好的文献记载，但在物种和种群中存在相当大的变化，人们对这一点知之甚少。山地大猩猩（gorilla beringei）是不寻常的，因为尽管具有与雄性竞争相关的形态学（例如，极端的两性二态性），它们在单雄性和多雄性群体中都经常被观察到。雄性和雌性以及雄性和幼崽之间的关系都很牢固，因为雄性提供保护，防止杀婴和/或被捕食。这些威胁的风险因社会结构而异，这可能影响群体成员之间社会关系的强度（包括女性和后代，如果婴儿死亡率风险较低的女性对婴儿的保护较少）。在此，我们研究了群体结构与雄性与雌性、雄性与幼崽、雌性与后代之间的亲密关系强度之间的关系。数据来自卢旺达火山国家公园的Dian Fossey大猩猩基金会卡里索克研究中心对10个包含1-7只成年雄性大猩猩的社会群体的监测。在控制了群体规模和婴儿年龄之后，在不同的群体类型中，雄性和非雄性的雄性-雌性配对的关联强度是相似的，但在父权确定性高、动物可选择的社会伴侣较少的单雄性群体中，雄性-婴儿关系最强。男性：女性和男性：婴儿的比例比男性、女性或婴儿的绝对数量更能预测男女和男婴之间的关系。雄性对雌性或幼崽的数量越少，这两种配对类型的关联就越大。在男性较少的群体中，优势男性比男性较多的群体中的优势男性具有更高的特征向量中心性（社会网络中重要性的衡量标准）。结果表明，尽管非优势雄猩猩的社会地位处于边缘，但它们对优势雄猩猩与母猩猩/幼猩猩之间的关系有着重要的影响，雄性与幼猩猩之间的关系是大猩猩社会结构的重要基础。
Relationships between conspecifics are influenced by both ecological factors and the social organization they live in. Systematic variation of both—consistent with predictions derived from socioecology models—is well documented, but there is considerable variation within species and populations that is poorly understood. The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei) is unusual because, despite possessing morphology associated with male contest competition (e.g., extreme sexual dimorphism), they are regularly observed in both single-male and multimale groups. Both male–female and male–infant bonds are strong because males provide protection against infanticide and/or predation. Risk of these threats varies with social structure, which may influence the strength of social relationships among group members (including females and offspring, if females with lower infant mortality risk are less protective of infants). Here, we investigate the relationship between group structure and the strength of proximity relationships between males and females, males and infants, and females and offspring. Data come from 10 social groups containing 1–7 adult males, monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund’s Karisoke Research Center in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. After controlling for group size and infant age, association strength was similar for male–female pairs across group types with both dominant and nondominant males, but male–infant relationships were strongest in single-male groups where paternity certainty was high and animals had fewer social partners to choose from. The male:female and male:infant ratios better predicted both male–female and male–infant associations than the absolute number of males, females, or infants did. The fewer the number of males per female or infant, the more both pair types associated. Dominant males in groups containing fewer males had higher eigenvector centrality (a measure of importance in a social network) than dominant males in groups with more males. Results indicate that nondominant males are an important influence on relationships between dominant males and females/infants despite their peripheral social positions, and that relationships between males and infants must be considered an important foundation of gorilla social structure.
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