Ocean Freight Rates and Economic Development 1730-1913
Ocean Freight Rates and Economic Development 1730-1913
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DOI：
10.1017/s0022050700107739
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发表时间：
1958-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. North
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. North
交通运输的革命性发展是过去两个世纪交通运输快速发展的一个基本特征。运输成本的降低使国内和国际的专业化和劳动分工得以取代两个世纪前在西方世界占主导地位的相对自给自足的经济。铁路在世纪的突出作用是众所周知的。然而，大宗商品运输是从水运开始的，而远洋运输的发展是西方世界日益增长的经济相互依赖、未开发大陆的开放以及促进“空地”定居的一个组成部分。海洋运输成本的下降是西方世界资源基础扩大的过程。新兴国家的农业得到了刺激（而古老国家的农业至少暂时受到了抑制），由于作物歉收而引起的饥荒的幽灵减少了，工业化的原材料也得到了提供。简而言之，在过去两个世纪的巨大发展过程中，海运费的急剧下降是西方世界资源重新定向的重要组成部分。
Revolutionary developments in transport have been an essential feature of the rapiddevelopments in transportgrowth of the past two centuries. Reduction in the cost of carriage has enabled specialization and division of labor on a national and international basis to replace the relatively self-sufficient economies that predominated in the western world two centuries ago. The striking role of the railroad in the nineteenth century is well known. However, it was water transport in which the bulk shipment of commodities began, and it was the development of ocean shipping that was an integral aspect of die growing economic interdependence of the western world, the opening up of the undeveloped continents, and the promotion of the settlement of the “empty lands.” The declining cost of ocean transportation was a process of widening the resource base of the western world. The agriculture of new countries was stimulated (and that of old countries at least temporarily depressed), the specter of famine as a result of crop failure reduced, and the raw materials were provided for industrialization. In short, the radical decline in ocean freight rates was an important part of the redirection of the resources of the western world in the course of the vast development of die past two centuries.